| ||||||||
|
3. Á¦ 2 ´ëÈ«¼ö ´Ü°è
- »êÈ£ ±â°£, ¿ÏÁ··ù ½Ã´ë 4. À°Áö°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â Å« ´Ü°è - ½Ä¹°¼º À°Áö »ý¸í±â, ¹°°í±â ½Ã´ë |
5. Áö°¢ À̵¿ ´Ü°è - °í»ç¸® ½£ ¼®Åº±â, °³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë 6. ±âÈÄ °úµµ±â ´Ü°è - ¾¾¾Ñ ½Ä¹° ½Ã±â, »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ½Ã·Ã±â |
Á¦
59 Æí
| Paper
59 The Marine-Life Era on Urantia | |
59:0.1 ¿ì¸®´Â
À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ¾à 10¾ï ³â Àü¿¡ ½ÃÀÛµÇ¾î ´ÙÀ½
5°³ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ½Ã´ë¸¦ °ÅÃļ ¿¬ÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù:
| We reckon the
history of Urantia as beginning about one billion years ago and
extending through five major eras: | |
1. »ý¸í ÀÌÀü ½Ã±â´Â
óÀ½ 4¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ±â°£À̸ç, ÀÌ Ç༺ÀÌ ÇöÀç Å©±â¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡ºÎÅÍ »ý¸íü°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â ½ÃÁ¡±îÁöÀÌ´Ù. ³ÊÈñÀÇ
ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦ ½Ã»ý´ë·Î
ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
| The prelife
era extends over the initial four hundred and fifty million years,
from about the time the planet attained its present size to the
time of life establishment. Your students have designated this period
as the Archeozoic. | |
2. »ý¸íÀÌ ½ÏÆ®´Â
½Ã±â´Â ±×´ÙÀ½ 1¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ÆîÃÄÁø´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¾Õ¿¡ »ý¸í ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ë, °ð ´ëº¯µ¿ ½Ã´ë¿Í ±× µÚ¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷
´õ ¹ß´ÞµÈ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í ½Ã´ë »çÀÌ¿¡ ³¢¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ³ÊÈñÀÇ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ¿ø»ý´ë·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| The life-dawn
era extends over the next one hundred and fifty million years. This
epoch intervenes between the preceding prelife or cataclysmic age
and the following period of more highly developed marine life. This
era is known to your researchers as the Proterozoic. | |
3. ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í ½Ã±â´Â
±×´ÙÀ½ 2¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³âÀ» °ÉÄ¡¸ç, ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô °í»ý´ë·Î
°¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| The marine-life
era covers the next two hundred and fifty million years and is best
known to you as the Paleozoic. | |
4. ½ÃÃÊ À°Áö »ý¸í
½Ã±â´Â ±×´ÙÀ½ 1¾ï ³â µ¿¾È À̾îÁö¸ç, Áß»ý´ë·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| The early land-life
era extends over the next one hundred million years and is known
as the Mesozoic. | |
5. Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° ½Ã±â´Â
¸¶Áö¸· 5õ¸¸ ³âÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ½Ã±â´Â ½Å»ý´ë·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| The mammalian
era occupies the last fifty million years. This recent-times era
is known as the Cenozoic. | |
59:0.7 ÀÌó·³
ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í ½Ã±â´Â ³ÊÈñ Ç༺ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ¾à 4ºÐÀÇ 1À» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ±ä ¿©¼¸ ±â°£À¸·Î ¼¼ºÐµÉ ¼ö Àִµ¥,
°¢ ±â°£Àº ÁöÁúÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¿Í »ý¹°ÇÐ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ È®½ÇÈ÷ Àß Á¤ÀÇµÈ ¹ß´Þµé·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁø´Ù.
| The marine-life
era thus covers about one quarter of your planetary history. It
may be subdivided into six long periods, each characterized by certain
well-defined developments in both the geologic realms and the biologic
domains. | |
59:0.8 ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡
½ÃÀ۵Ǹé¼, ÇØÀú, ³ÐÀº ´ë·úºØ, ±×¸®°í ¼ö¸¹Àº ¾èÀº ÇؾȰ¡ ºÐÁöµéÀÌ ¸¹Àº ÃʸñÀ¸·Î µÚµ¤ÀδÙ. Á» ´õ °£´ÜÇÑ ¿ø½Ã
ÇüÅÂÀÇ µ¿¹° »ý¸íÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Õ¼± ½Ä¹° À¯±âü·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú°í, Ãʱ⠵¿¹° »ý¹°µéÀº ¸¹Àº ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ Çؾç
»ý¹°·Î °¡µæ Âû ¶§±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ À°ÁöÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Çؾȼ±À» µû¶ó Á¡Â÷ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ÃʱâÀÇ »ý¹° Áß¿¡ ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀº
¸Å¿ì Àû¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ È¼®À¸·Î¼ º¸Á¸µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ±× ¹«´ë´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ë µ¿¾È¿¡ ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÁغñµÇ´Â
»ý¸í ±â·Ï º¸Á¸ÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ "¼®º»(stone book)"ÀÇ Ã¹ ÀåÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÁغñµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
| As this era
begins, the sea bottoms, the extensive continental shelves, and
the numerous shallow near-shore basins are covered with prolific
vegetation. The more simple and primitive forms of animal life have
already developed from preceding vegetable organisms, and the early
animal organisms have gradually made their way along the extensive
coast lines of the various land masses until the many inland seas
are teeming with primitive marine life. Since so few of these early
organisms had shells, not many have been preserved as fossils. Nevertheless
the stage is set for the opening chapters of that great "stone
book" of the life-record preservation which was so methodically
laid down during the succeeding ages. | |
59:0.9 ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«
´ë·úÀº Àüü ÇØ¾ç »ý¹° ½Ã´ëÀÇ È¼® º¸À¯ ¸ÅÀå·®ÀÌ ³î¶ó¿ï Á¤µµ·Î dzºÎÇÏ´Ù. ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Ä§½Ä ÅðÀû¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °¡Àå ù ¹ø°¿Í
°¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÅðÀûÃþÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®µÈ °ÍÀº Ç༺ÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â µÎ ´Ü°èÀÎ ÀÌÀü ½Ã±â¿Í Èıâ ÃþÀ» ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ±¸ºÐÇÑ´Ù.
| The continent
of North America is wonderfully rich in the fossil-bearing deposits
of the entire marine-life era. The very first and oldest layers
are separated from the later strata of the preceding period by extensive
erosion deposits which clearly segregate these two stages of planetary
development. |
1.
¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ÃʱâÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í 59:1.1 Áö±¸ÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ºñ±³Àû °í¿äÇÏ´ø ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ °³½ÃµÊÀ¸·Î, »ý¸íÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³»·ú°ú ¹Ù´Ù ÀÇ Çؾȼ±¿¡ ±¹ÇѵǾî ÀÖ´Ù; ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾Æ¹« ÇüÅÂÀÇ À°Áö À¯±âü°¡ ÁøÈÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÇ ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°Àº ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àß Àâ¾Ò°í, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÁøÈÀû ¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÁغñµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¸Þ¹Ù´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ °úµµ±â°¡ ³¡³ª°¥ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³½ ÃÊ±â ´Ü°è µ¿¹° »ý¸íÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ »ýÁ¸ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. | 1. Early Marine
Life in the Shallow Seas By the dawn of this period of relative quiet on the earth's surface, life is confined to the various inland seas and the oceanic shore line; as yet no form of land organism has evolved. Primitive marine animals are well established and are prepared for the next evolutionary development. Ameba are typical survivors of this initial stage of animal life, having made their appearance toward the close of the preceding transition period. | |
59:1.2
4¾ï ³â Àü¿¡, µ¿. ½Ä¹°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº ¿Â ¼¼°è¿¡ °ñ°í·ç ºÐÆ÷ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼°èÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â Á¶±Ý µûµíÇØÁö°í
´õ ¿ÂÈÇØÁø´Ù. ¿©·¯ ´ë·ú, ƯÈ÷ ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÇؾÈÀÌ ¹ü¶÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í, ¿À·¡µÈ ¹° ¿µ¿ªÀº
Å©°Ô È®ÀåµÈ´Ù.
| 400,000,000
years ago marine life, both vegetable and animal, is fairly well
distributed over the whole world. The world climate grows slightly
warmer and becomes more equable. There is a general inundation of
the seashores of the various continents, particularly of North and
South America. New oceans appear, and the older bodies of water
are greatly enlarged. | |
59:1.3 ½Ä¹°Àº
ÀÌÁ¦ óÀ½À¸·Î ¶¥ À§·Î ±â¾î ¿Ã¶ó¿À°í, °ð ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¼½ÄÁö¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ó´çÇÑ ÁøÀüÀ» º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| Vegetation
now for the first time crawls out upon the land and soon makes considerable
progress in adaptation to a nonmarine habitat. | |
59:1.4 °©ÀÚ±â
´Ü°èÀû Á¶»óÀÌ ¾øÀÌ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ´Ù¼¼Æ÷ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³½´Ù. »ï¿±ÃæÀº ÁøÈÇÏ¿© ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ Áö¹èÇÑ´Ù. ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°ÀÇ
°üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§, À̶§´Â »ï¿±Ãæ ½Ã´ëÀÌ´Ù.
| Suddenly and
without gradation ancestry the first multicellular animals make
their appearance. The trilobites have evolved, and for ages they
dominate the seas. From the standpoint of marine life this is the
trilobite age. | |
59:1.5 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
ÈĹݺο¡¼ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼Ú¾Æ³µ´Ù. Áö±¸ÀÇ Áö°¢Àº ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù; ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç
¿¬¾È, ¼Àεµ Á¦µµ, ±×¸®°í ³²À¯·´ÀÇ »ê¾ÇÁö´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ »ê¸Æ, ¾Æ´Ï ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ³ôÀº °íµµ·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù. Ä«¸®ºêÇØ Àü¿ªÀº ¸Å¿ì
³ôÀº °÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| In the later
portion of this time segment much of North America and Europe emerged
from the sea. The crust of the earth was temporarily stabilized;
mountains, or rather high elevations of land, rose along the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts, over the West Indies, and in southern Europe.
The entire Caribbean region was highly elevated. | |
59:1.6
3¾ï 9õ ³â Àü¿¡ ´ë·úÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ µ¿ºÎ ¹× ¼ºÎ¿Í ¼À¯·´ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ ÀÌ ½ÃÀý¿¡
³õÀÎ µ¹ ÁöÃþÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ï¿±Ãæ ȼ®À» Áö´Ï´Â °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ¹ÙÀ§µéÀÌ´Ù. ȼ®À¸·Î µÚµ¤ÀÎ ÅðÀûÃþ ¹ÙÀ§µéÀÌ
¶¥µ¢¾î¸® ¼Ó¿¡¼ µ¹ÃâµÇ¾î ±ä ¼Õ°¡¶ô ¸ð¾ç°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº ¸¸(gulfs)À» Çü¼ºÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| 390,000,000
years ago the land was still elevated. Over parts of eastern and
western America and western Europe may be found the stone strata
laid down during these times, and these are the oldest rocks which
contain trilobite fossils. There were many long fingerlike gulfs
projecting into the land masses in which were deposited these fossil-bearing
rocks. | |
59:1.7 ¸î¹é¸¸
³â ¾È¿¡ ÅÂÆò¾çÀº µÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀ» ħ¹üÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¶¥ÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ·Î Áö°¢ Á¶Á¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿·À¸·Î
¶¥ÀÌ ÆÛÁö¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ´ë·úÀÌ ÃµÃµÈ÷ »¸¾î³ª°¡´Â °Íµµ ÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Within a few
million years the Pacific Ocean began to invade the American continents.
The sinking of the land was principally due to crustal adjustment,
although the lateral land spread, or continental creep, was also
a factor. | |
59:1.8
3¾ï 8õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â °¡¶ó¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ´ë·úÀº Àá±ñ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ÁøÇàµÊ¿¡
µû¶ó, »õ·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ´ë¼¾çÀº ¸ðµç ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ Çؾȼ±¿¡ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô ÁøÃâÇß´Ù. ºÏ´ë¼¾çÀ̳ª ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â ³²ÂÊ °ÉÇÁ ÇØ¿ª°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ ³²ÂÊ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ °ñ¿¡ µé¾î°¬À» ¶§, ±× ¹°°áÀº µ¿ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¾ËÇÁ½º¸¸Å ³ôÀº »ê¸Æ¿¡ ºÎµúÃÄ ºÎ¼Á³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
´ëü·Î ´ë·úµéÀº Èï¹Ì ¾ø´Â ³·Àº ¶¥À̾ú°í, °æÄ¡°¡ ÀüÇô ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
| 380,000,000
years ago Asia was subsiding, and all other continents were experiencing
a short-lived emergence. But as this epoch progressed, the newly
appearing Atlantic Ocean made extensive inroads on all adjacent
coast lines. The northern Atlantic or Arctic seas were then connected
with the southern Gulf waters. When this southern sea entered the
Appalachian trough, its waves broke upon the east against mountains
as high as the Alps, but in general the continents were uninteresting
lowlands, utterly devoid of scenic beauty. | |
59:1.9 ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ³× °¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÌ´Ù: 1. ¿ª¾Ï¡ªÇؾȼ± °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ÅðÀûµÈ ¹°Áú. 2. »ç¾Ï¡ª¾èÀº ¹°¿¡¼ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³°í, Æĵµ°¡ ÁøÈëÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇß´Ù. | The sedimentary deposits of these ages are of four sorts: 1. Conglomerates-matter deposited near the
shore lines. | |
3. ÀÌÆǾÏ[1]¡ª´õ
±í°í Á¶¿ëÇÑ ¹°¿¡¼ ½×ÀΠħÀü¹°.
*°¢ÁÖ [1] ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï : ÀÌÆǾÏÀº ÁøÈëÀÌ ÃþÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î »ý±â´Â ¹ÙÀ§¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. | 3. Shales-deposits
made in the deeper and more quiet water. | |
4. ¼®È¸¾Ï¡ª±íÀº ¹°¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ï¿±Ãæ ²®ÁúÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. | 4. Limestone-including
the deposits of trilobite shells in deep water. | |
59:1.14 ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
»ï¿±Ãæ ȼ®µéÀº Àß ÁÖ¸ñµÈ ¾î¶² º¯È¿Í ´õºÒ¾î, ¾î¶² ±âº»Àû ÅëÀϼºÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼¼ °³ÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» ½ÉÀº
°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ µ¿¹°Àº Ư»öÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÃʱâÀÇ µ¿¹°Àº À¯¶ó½Ã¾Æ Áý´ÜÀÇ µ¿¹°°ú ´Þ¶ú°í,
¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¶ó½Ã¾Æ(*) ¶Ç´Â ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ-³²±Ø Á¾·ùÀÇ µ¿¹°°ú Á¶±Ý ´Þ¶ú´Ù.
*ÂüÁ¶. ¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¶ó½Ã¾Æ : È£ÁÖ. ´ºÁú·£µå. ¼³²ÅÂÆò¾ç Á¦µµ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â Áö¿ª. | The trilobite
fossils of these times present certain basic uniformities coupled
with certain well-marked variations. The early animals developing
from the three original life implantations were characteristic;
those appearing in the Western Hemisphere were slightly different
from those of the Eurasian group and from the Australasian or Australian-Antarctic
type. | |
59:1.15
3¾ï 7õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡, ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«°¡ Å©°Ô, °ÅÀÇ ÀüºÎ ¹°¿¡ Àá±â´Â ÀÏÀÌ »ý°å°í, µÚÀÌ¾î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ°¡
°¡¶ó¾É¾Ò´Ù. °Ü¿ì ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÌ Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ ¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 5¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ Áö³ µÚ¿¡,
¹Ù´Ù´Â ¿Ã¶ó¿À´Â À°Áö ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¹°·¯°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶¥ÀÌ ²¨Áö°í ¶¥ÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç Çö»óÀº ±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϾÁö ¾Ê°í,
¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¼¼È÷ ÀϾ´Ù.
| 370,000,000
years ago the great and almost total submergence of North and South
America occurred, followed by the sinking of Africa and Australia.
Only certain parts of North America remained above these shallow
Cambrian seas. Five million years later the seas were retreating
before the rising land. And all of these phenomena of land sinking
and land rising were undramatic, taking place slowly over millions
of years. | |
59:1.16 ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡
»ï¿±Ãæ ȼ®À» Ç°Àº ÁöÃþÀº, Á߾ӾƽþƸ¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í, ¸ðµç ´ë·ú Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃļ ¿©±âÀú±â Ç¥¸é¿¡ ¼Ú¾Æ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ¿©·¯ Áö¿ª¿¡¼
ÀÌ ¹ÙÀ§µéÀº ¼öÆòÀ¸·Î ÀÖÁö¸¸, »ê¸Æ¿¡¼´Â ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ¹Þ°í Á¢ÈûÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁö°í µÚƲ¸°´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀº ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼ ÀÌ
ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ¿ø·¡ Ư¡À» ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³õ¾Ò´Ù. »ç¾ÏÀº Â÷µ¹ÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÌÆǾÏÀº Á¡ÆǾÏÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú°í, ÇÑÆí ¼®È¸¼®Àº ´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î º¯ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù.
| The trilobite
fossil-bearing strata of this epoch outcrop here and there throughout
all the continents except in central Asia. In many regions these
rocks are horizontal, but in the mountains they are tilted and distorted
because of pressure and folding. And such pressure has, in many
places, changed the original character of these deposits. Sandstone
has been turned into quartz, shale has been changed to slate, while
limestone has been converted into marble. | |
59:1.17 3¾ï
6õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ À°Áö´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¾¦ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼À¯·´°ú ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ´Â, ±íÀÌ
¹°¿¡ Àá±ä ¿þÀϽºÀÇ ¿©·¯ ºÎºÐÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í, ¶°¿À¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Å« ºùÆÇÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À¯·´¤ý¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¤ýÁß±¹¤ý¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¿¡¼
ÀÌ ÁöÃþ°ú ¿¬°üÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ºùÇÏ ÅðÀû¹°Àº °í¸³µÈ »ê ºùÇÏ ¶§¹®À̰ųª, ¶Ç´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ »ý±ä ºùÇÏ ºÎ½º·¯±â°¡
¿Å°ÜÁ³±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼°èÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ´ë·ú¼ºÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çؾ缺À̾ú´Ù. ³²ÂÊÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù´Â Áö±Ýº¸´Ù ´õ µûµíÇß°í, ±× ¹Ù´Ù´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦
Áö³ª ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î, ±ØÁö¹æ±îÁö »¸¾ú´Ù. °ÉÇÁ ÇØ·ù´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Áß¾Ó ºÎºÐÀ» Áö³ª°¬°í, µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÎ·¯Á®¼ ±×¸°¶õµåÀÇ
ÇؾÈÀ» Àû½Ã°í µûµíÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, Áö±ÝÀº ¾óÀ½À¸·Î µ¤ÀÎ ±× ´ë·úÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿´ë ³«¿øÀ̾ú´Ù.
| 360,000,000
years ago the land was still rising. North and South America were
well up. Western Europe and the British Isles were emerging, except
parts of Wales, which were deeply submerged. There were no great
ice sheets during these ages. The supposed glacial deposits appearing
in connection with these strata in Europe, Africa, China, and Australia
are due to isolated mountain glaciers or to the displacement of
glacial debris of later origin. The world climate was oceanic, not
continental. The southern seas were warmer then than now, and they
extended northward over North America up to the polar regions. The
Gulf Stream coursed over the central portion of North America, being
deflected eastward to bathe and warm the shores of Greenland, making
that now ice-mantled continent a veritable tropic Paradise. | |
59:1.18 Çؾç
»ý¸íÀº ¿Â ¼¼°è¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ºñ½ÁÇß°í ÇØÃÊ, ´Ü¼¼Æ÷ À¯±âü, ´Ü¼øÇÑ Çظé, »ï¿±Ãæ, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °©°¢·ù µ¿¹°¡ª»õ¿ì¤ý°Ô¤ý°¡À硪·Î
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 3õ °¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿ÏÁ· µ¿¹°ÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ³¡¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ±× °¡¿îµ¥ °Ü¿ì 2¹é °¡Áö°¡ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿©·¯ µ¿¹°Àº ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö ³»·Á¿Â Ãʱ⠻ý¸íÀÇ Á¾·ù¸¦ ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù.
| The marine
life was much alike the world over and consisted of the seaweeds,
one-celled organisms, simple sponges, trilobites, and other crustaceans-shrimps,
crabs, and lobsters. Three thousand varieties of brachiopods appeared
at the close of this period, only two hundred of which have survived.
These animals represent a variety of early life which has come down
to the present time practically unchanged. | |
59:1.19 ±×·¯³ª
»ï¿±ÃæÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ »ý¹°À̾ú´Ù. »ï¿±ÃæÀº À¯¼º(êóàõ) »ý¹°À̾ú°í ¿©·¯ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇß´Ù. Çì¾öÀ» Àß Ä¡Áö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡
»ï¿±ÃæÀº ´À¸´ÇÏ°Ô ¹°¿¡¼ ¶°´Ù´Ï°Å³ª ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼ ±â¾î ´Ù³æ°í, ³ªÁß¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÀûµéÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ÀÚü¸¦
º¸È£ÇÏ·Á°í ¸öÀ» °¨¾Ò´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ±æÀÌ°¡ 5cm~30cm±îÁö ÀÚ¶ú°í, ³× °¡Áö ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇߴµ¥, À°½Ä¤ýä½Ä¤ýÀâ½Ä
Á¾·ù¿Í ¡°ÁøÈëÀ» ¸Ô´Â Á¾·ù¡±¿´´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸· ´Ù¼¼Æ÷ »ý¹°·Î¡ªÀÌ ÈÄÀÚ Áý´ÜÀÇ ´É·ÂÀº ¹«±âÁúÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¾öû³ª°Ô Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°í
¿À·§µ¿¾È »ýÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô ÇßÀ½À» ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù.
| But the trilobites
were the dominant living creatures. They were sexed animals and
existed in many forms; being poor swimmers, they sluggishly floated
in the water or crawled along the sea bottoms, curling up in self-protection
when attacked by their later appearing enemies. They grew in length
from two inches to one foot and developed into four distinct groups:
carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, and " mud eaters. "
The ability of the latter group largely to subsist on inorganic
matter-being the last multicelled animal that could-explains their
great increase and long survival. | |
59:1.20 ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ
¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ 5õ¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ±ä ±â°£ ³¡¿¡¼ º», À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »ý¹° ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ±×¸²À̸ç, ÀÌ ±â°£À» ³ÊÈñÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚ´Â
įºê¸®¾Æ±â¶ó°í
ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
| This was the
biogeologic picture of Urantia at the end of that long period of
the world's history, embracing fifty million years, designated by
your geologists as the Cambrian. |
2.
Á¦1 ´ë·ú È«¼ö ´Ü°è 59:2.1 ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¶¥ÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ħ¸ôÇÏ´Â ÁÖ±âÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀº ¸ðµÎ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ̾ú°í, ±ØÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç È»ê È°µ¿ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ÀüÇô ¼ö¹ÝµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ À°ÁöÀÇ »ó½Â°ú ²¨ÁüÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ´ë·úÀº ´Ù¸¥ À°ÁöÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Þ¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ ´ë·úÀº ¸¹Àº ħ¼ö¸¦ °Þ¾ú°í, óÀ½¿¡´Â ÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î, ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î, ƯÈ÷ ÀÌÀü ¿ª»ç¿¡¼´Â ´õ¿í ±×·¯ÇßÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ÕÀÏÇÑ ¾Ï¼® ħÀü¹°À» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â°£ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â ¸ðµç ¶¥µ¢¾î¸® Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¾ÈÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. | 2. The First
Continental Flood Stage The periodic phenomena of land elevation and land sinking characteristic of these times were all gradual and nonspectacular, being accompanied by little or no volcanic action. Throughout all of these successive land elevations and depressions the Asiatic mother continent did not fully share the history of the other land bodies. It experienced many inundations, dipping first in one direction and then another, more particularly in its earlier history, but it does not present the uniform rock deposits which may be discovered on the other continents. In recent ages Asia has been the most stable of all the land masses. | |
59:2.2
3¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡´Â Á߾ӾƽþƸ¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ´ëÈ«¼ö ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ¶¥µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº °ÅµìÇÏ¿© ¹°·Î µ¤¿©
ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇؾÈÀÇ °íÁöµé¸¸ ¾è°íµµ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø, µ¿¿äÇÏ´Â ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 3´ë È«¼ö°¡ ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
Ư¡À» ³ªÅ¸³ÂÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úµéÀº ´Ù½Ã ¿Ã¶ó¼¹°í, ¶¥ÀÌ ¹° À§¿¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸¥ ¸éÀûÀÇ ÃÑÇÕÀº Áö±Ý Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â
°Íº¸´Ù 15%°¡ ÄÇ´Ù. Ä«¸®ºê ÇØ Áö¿ªÀº ¸Å¿ì ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â À¯·´¿¡¼ Àß Ç¥½ÃµÇÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¶¥ÀÇ À¯µ¿Àº
Àû°í, ¹Ý¸é È»êÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ ´õ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
| 350,000,000
years ago saw the beginning of the great flood period of all the
continents except central Asia. The land masses were repeatedly
covered with water; only the coastal highlands remained above these
shallow but widespread oscillatory inland seas. Three major inundations
characterized this period, but before it ended, the continents again
arose, the total land emergence being fifteen per cent greater than
now exists. The Caribbean region was highly elevated. This period
is not well marked off in Europe because the land fluctuations were
less, while the volcanic action was more persistent. | |
59:2.3
3¾ï 4õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¶¥ ħ¸ôÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ¼¼°èÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´ë¾çÀº
´ëü·Î ¼·Î ¼¯¿´´Ù. À̶§´Â ´ë´ÜÇÑ ¼®È¸¾Ï ½Ã´ë¿´°í, ¼®È¸¾ÏÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¼®È¸¸¦ ºÐºñÇÏ´Â Á¶·ù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| 340,000,000
years ago there occurred another extensive land sinking except in
Asia and Australia. The waters of the world's oceans were generally
commingled. This was a great limestone age, much of its stone being
laid down by lime-secreting algae. | |
59:2.4
¸î¹é¸¸ ³â ÈÄ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ´ë·ú°ú À¯·´ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹°¿¡¼ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼´Â ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿Í
ÇöÀçÀÇ ·ÎÅ°»ê¸Æ Áö¿ª À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ÇؾÈÀº ´Ù½Ã °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
| A few million
years later large portions of the American continents and Europe
began to emerge from the water. In the Western Hemisphere only an
arm of the Pacific Ocean remained over Mexico and the present Rocky
Mountain regions, but near the close of this epoch the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts again began to sink. | |
59:2.5
3¾ï 3õ¸¸ ³â ÀüÀº Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¸¹Àº ¶¥ÀÌ ¼ö¸é À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿À¸é¼ ºñ±³Àû °í¿äÇÑ ½Ã°£ ¿µ¿ªÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
°í¿äÇÑ ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¿Ü´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ È»êÀÎ ÄËÅÍÅ° µ¿ºÎÀÇ È»ê Æø¹ßÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ È»ê Æø¹ßÀº ¼¼°è¿¡¼
°¡Àå Å« ´ÜÀÏ È»ê È°µ¿ Áß Çϳª¿´´Ù. ÀÌ È»êÀç´Â 4.6m~6mÀÇ ±íÀÌ·Î 1280§´¸¦ µ¤¾ú´Ù.
| 330,000,000
years ago marks the beginning of a time sector of comparative quiet
all over the world, with much land again above water. The only exception
to this reign of terrestrial quiet was the eruption of the great
North American volcano of eastern Kentucky, one of the greatest
single volcanic activities the world has ever known. The ashes of
this volcano covered five hundred square miles to a depth of from
fifteen to twenty feet. | |
59:2.6
3¾ï 2õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ¼¼ ¹ø° Å« È«¼ö°¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ü¶÷À¸·Î »ý±ä ¹Ù´Ù´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ´ëÈ«¼ö¿¡ Àá°å´ø ¶¥À»
¸ðµÎ µ¤¾ú°í, ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ Àü¿ªÀ¸·Î ´õ ¸Ö¸® »¸¾î³ª°¬´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ µ¿ºÎ¿Í ¼À¯·´Àº 3000~4600m±îÁö ¹°
¹ØÀ¸·Î Àá°å´Ù.
| 320,000,000
years ago the third major flood of this period occurred. The waters
of this inundation covered all the land submerged by the preceding
deluge, while extending farther in many directions all over the
Americas and Europe. Eastern North America and western Europe were
from 10,000 to 15,000 feet under water. | |
59:2.7
3¾ï 1õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¶¥µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ³²ºÎ Áö¿ªÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ´Ù½Ã ¾¦ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ß½ÃÄÚ°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª¼
ÀÌ·¸°Ô °ÉÇÁ Çظ¦ ¸¸µé¾ú°í, °ÉÇÁ ÇØ´Â ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ±× »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇß´Ù.
| 310,000,000
y ears ago the land masses of the world were again well up excepting
the southern parts of North America. Mexico emerged, thus creating
the Gulf Sea, which has ever since maintained its identity. | |
59:2.8 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
»ý¸íÀº °è¼Ó ÁøÈÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº ´Ù½Ã Á¶¿ëÇÏ°í ºñ±³Àû ÆòÈ·Ó´Ù; ±âÈÄ´Â µûµíÇÏ°í ¿ÂÈÇÑ Ã¤·Î ÀÖ°í, À°ÁöÀÇ ½Ä¹°ÀÌ
¹Ù´å°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ¿í ¸Ö¸® À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ½Ä¹° ȼ®Àº °ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, »ý¸í ÆÐÅÏÀÌ Àß ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
| The life of
this period continues to evolve. The world is once again quiet and
relatively peaceful; the climate remains mild and equable; the land
plants are migrating farther and farther from the seashores. The
life patterns are well developed, although few plant fossils of
these times are to be found. | |
59:2.9 ºñ·Ï ½Ä¹°¿¡¼
µ¿¹°·ÎÀÇ Àüȯ°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº ±âº»ÀûÀÎ º¯ÈµéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀϾÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â °³º° µ¿¹° À¯±âüÀÇ ÁøÈÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù.
ôÃß°¡ ¾ø´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ ¸ðµç »ý¸í ºÎ·ù°¡ ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ³õÀÎ ¹ÙÀ§ÀÇ È¼®¿¡¼ Ç¥ÇöµÉ Á¤µµ·Î ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°°è°¡ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
ÀÌ µ¿¹°Àº ¸ðµÎ Çؾç À¯±âü¿´´Ù. ¹Ù´å°¡¸¦ µû¶ó¼ ¶¥¼Ó¿¡ ÆÄ°íµç ¸î Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹ú·¹µéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í, À°Áö µ¿¹°Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö
¾Ê¾Ò°í, À°Áö ½Ä¹°µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ´ë·úÀ» µÚµ¤Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; °ø±â·Î ¼û ½¬¾î »ì±â¿¡´Â ´ë±â¿¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌ»êÈź¼Ò°¡ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Á» ´õ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í, 1Â÷·Î ¸ðµç µ¿¹°Àº Á¸ÀçÇϱâ À§Çؼ Á÷Á¢ ¶Ç´Â °£Á¢À¸·Î ½Ä¹° »ý¸í¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.
| This was the
great age of individual animal organismal evolution, though many
of the basic changes, such as the transition from plant to animal,
had previously occurred. The marine fauna developed to the point
where every type of life below the vertebrate scale was represented
in the fossils of those rocks which were laid down during these
times. But all of these animals were marine organisms. No land animals
had yet appeared except a few types of worms which burrowed along
the seashores, nor had the land plants yet overspread the continents;
there was still too much carbon dioxide in the air to permit of
the existence of air breathers. Primarily, all animals except certain
of the more primitive ones are directly or indirectly dependent
on plant life for their existence. | |
59:2.10 »ï¿±ÃæÀº
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸¹ÀÌ ´«¿¡ ¶ç¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛÀº µ¿¹°Àº ¼ö¸¸ °¡ÁöÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇß°í, Çö´ë °©°¢·ù µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. »ï¿±Ãæ
°¡¿îµ¥ ´õ·¯´Â 25¿¡¼ 4õ °³ÀÇ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ´«ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´õ·¯´Â ÅðÈµÈ ´«ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ¸·À» ³»¸®ÀÚ, »ï¿±ÃæÀº
¸î °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹«Ã´Ãß »ý¸í°ú ÇÔ²² ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ Á¤º¹Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº ´ÙÀ½ ±â°£ÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¶§ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸êÁ¾(*)Çß´Ù.
* ¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù »ý¹°µéÀÎ ¹Ù´Ù Àü°¥°ú »ï¿±Ãæ°ú °°Àº ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°µéÀÌ ¾à 90%°¡ ¸êÁ¾Çß´Ù. | The trilobites
were still prominent. These little animals existed in tens of thousands
of patterns and were the predecessors of modern crustaceans. Some
of the trilobites had from twenty-five to four thousand tiny eyelets;
others had aborted eyes. As this period closed, the trilobites shared
domination of the seas with several other forms of invertebrate
life. But they utterly perished during the beginning of the next
period. | |
59:2.11 ¼®È¸¸¦
ºÐºñÇÏ´Â Á¶·ù°¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ³´Ù. »êÈ£ÀÇ Ãʱâ Á¶»óµéÀÌ ¼öõ Á¾À̳ª Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù ¹ú·¹°¡ dzºÎÇß°í, ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇØÆĸ®°¡
ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±× µÚ·Î ¸êÁ¾ÇØ ¹ö·È´Ù. »êÈ£¿Í Èıâ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇظéÀÌ ÁøÈÇß´Ù. µÎÁ··ù°¡ Àß ¹ß´Þ µÇ¾ú°í, Çö´ëÀÇ ÁøÁÖ»ö ¾Þ¹«Á¶°³,
¹®¾î¤ý¿À¡¾î¤ý²Ã¶Ñ±â·Î¼ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù.
| Lime-secreting
algae were widespread. There existed thousands of species of the
early ancestors of the corals. Sea worms were abundant, and there
were many varieties of jellyfish which have since become extinct.
Corals and the later types of sponges evolved. The cephalopods were
well developed, and they have survived as the modern pearly nautilus,
octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. | |
59:2.12 ¸¹Àº
Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¶°¡ºñ µ¿¹°ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, À̰͵éÀÇ ²®ÁúÀº ÈÄÀÏÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³ ±×¶§ ¹æ¾î ¸ñÀû¿¡ ±×´ÙÁö ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. º¹Á··ù°¡
°í´ëÀÇ ¹Ù´å¹°¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í ±×µéÀº ²®ÁúÀÌ ÇϳªÀÎ µÎµå·°°íµÕ¤ý°æ´Ü°íµÕ¤ý´ÞÆØÀ̸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇß´Ù. ½Ö°¢ º¹Á··ù´Â ´ç½Ã¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´ø
°Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô, ±× »çÀÌ¿¡ ³¤ ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³âÀ» ÅëÇؼ ³»·Á¿Ô°í, È«ÇÕ¤ýÁ¶°³¤ý±¼¤ý°¡¸®ºñ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¹ëºê ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø À¯±âüµéµµ
¶ÇÇÑ ÁøÈÇß°í, ÀÌ ¿ÏÁ··ù´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ±× °í´ëÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù; ±×°ÍµéÀº µ¹Â¼±Í°¡ ´Þ¸° Á¾·ù,
Åé´Ï ÀÖ´Â Á¾·ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¹ëºê ¼³ºñ±îÁö °¡Á³´Ù.
| There were
many varieties of shell animals, but their shells were not then
so much needed for defensive purposes as in subsequent ages. The
gastropods were present in the waters of the ancient seas, and they
included single-shelled drills, periwinkles, and snails. The bivalve
gastropods have come on down through the intervening millions of
years much as they then existed and embrace the muscles, clams,
oysters, and scallops. The valve-shelled organisms also evolved,
and these brachiopods lived in those ancient waters much as they
exist today; they even had hinged, notched, and other sorts of protective
arrangements of their valves. | |
59:2.13 ÀÌ·¸°Ô
ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í¿¡¼ µÎ¹ø°·Î Å« ±â°£¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁøÈ À̾߱Ⱑ ³¡³ª¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³ÊÈñ ÁöÁúÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ¿À¸£µµºñ½º±â·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| So ends the
evolutionary story of the second great period of marine life, which
is known to your geologists as the Ordovician. |
59:3.1
3¾ï ³â Àü¿¡ ¶¥ÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Å« ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. °í´ë ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±â
¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ³²ÂÊ°ú ºÏÂÊÀ» ÇâÇÑ Àá½ÄÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯·´°ú ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦ »ïÅ°·Á°í ÁغñÇÏ¿´´Ù. À°Áö´Â ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ±×´ÙÁö ³ôÀÌ
¼Ú¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼, Çؾȼ± µÑ·¹¿¡ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ »ý±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù´Â ¼®È¸ ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø »ý¸íÀ¸·Î ¹Ù±Û°Å·È°í,
ÀÌ ²®ÁúµéÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ø¹Ù´ÚÀ¸·Î ¶³¾îÁö¸é¼ ¸Å¿ì µÎ²¨¿î ¼®È¸¾ÏÃþÀÌ ½×¿´´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÃÖÃÊ·Î ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø ¼®È¸¾Ï ÅðÀû¹°À̸ç,
½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î À¯·´°ú ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àüü¸¦ µ¤°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, Áö±¸ Ç¥¸é¿¡´Â ¸î ±ºµ¥¿¡¼¸¸ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ÀÌ °í´ë ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀÇ µÎ²²´Â
Æò±Õ ¾à 300m°¡ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹° Áß »ó´ç¼ö´Â ±â¿ï¾îÁü, °Ýº¯, ´ÜÃþÀÌ »ý±èÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô º¯ÇüµÇ¾ú°í, ¸¹Àº
°ÍÀÌ Â÷µ¹¤ýÀÌÆǾϤý´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î º¯Çß´Ù.
| 3. The Second
Great Flood Stage 300,000,000 years ago another great period of land submergence began. The southward and northward encroachment of the ancient Silurian seas made ready to engulf most of Europe and North America. The land was not elevated far above the sea so that not much deposition occurred about the shore lines. The seas teemed with lime-shelled life, and the falling of these shells to the sea bottom gradually built up very thick layers of limestone. This is the first widespread limestone deposit, and it covers practically all of Europe and North America but only appears at the earth's surface in a few places. The thickness of this ancient rock layer averages about one thousand feet, but many of these deposits have since been greatly deformed by tilting, upheavals, and faulting, and many have been changed to quartz, shale, and marble. | |
59:3.2 ³²À¯·´°ú
µ¿ºÎ ¸ÞÀÎÁÖÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ È»ê°ú Äùº¤ÀÇ ¿ë¾Ï È帧 ¿Ü¿¡´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ µ¹ Ãþ¿¡´Â ȼº¾ÏÀ̳ª ¿ë¾ÏÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. È»ê
È°µ¿Àº ´ëü·Î Áö³ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¾öû³ ³ôÀÌÀÇ ¼öÁõ±â°¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í, »êÀº °ÅÀÇ Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| No fire rocks
or lava are found in the stone layers of this period except those
of the great volcanoes of southern Europe and eastern Maine and
the lava flows of Quebec. Volcanic action was largely past. This
was the height of great water deposition; there was little or no
mountain building. | |
59:3.3
2¾ï 9õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ´ëü·Î ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ¹°·¯³µ°í, ÁÖº¯ ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¹Ù´ÚÀº °¡¶ó¾É°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶¥µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº ´Ù½Ã ¹°¿¡
Àá±â±â±îÁö °ÅÀÇ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸ðµç ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ÃʱâÀÇ »ê ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö°¢ º¯µ¿ Áß °¡Àå Å« °ÍÀº
¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ È÷¸»¶ó¾ß¿Í Å« Ä®·¹µµ´Ï¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿¡¼ ½ºÄÚƲ·£µå¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ½ºÇÇÃ÷º£¸£°Õ±îÁö À̾îÁ³´Ù.
| 290,000,000
years ago the sea had largely withdrawn from the continents, and
the bottoms of the surrounding oceans were sinking. The land masses
were little changed until they were again submerged. The early mountain
movements of all the continents were beginning, and the greatest
of these crustal upheavals were the Himalayas of Asia and the great
Caledonian Mountains, extending from Ireland through Scotland and
on to Spitzbergen. | |
59:3.4 ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
ÅðÀû¹°¿¡´Â °¡½º¤ý±â¸§¤ý¾Æ¿¬¤ý³³ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç, °¡½º¿Í ±â¸§Àº ¾Õ¼ À°Áö°¡ °¡¶ó¾ÉÀ» ¶§ ¹ØÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°£ ±²ÀåÇÑ ÁýÇÕÀÇ
½Ä¹°°ú µ¿¹° ¹°Áú·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¸ÅÀåµÈ ±¤¹°Àº ¹° ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ õõÈ÷ ½×ÀÎ ÅðÀû¹°À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¾Ï¼® ¼Ò±Ý
ÅðÀûÃþµéÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
| It is in the
deposits of this age that much of the gas, oil, zinc, and lead are
found, the gas and oil being derived from the enormous collections
of vegetable and animal matter carried down at the time of the previous
land submergence, while the mineral deposits represent the sedimentation
of sluggish bodies of water. Many of the rock salt deposits belong
to this period. | |
59:3.5 »ï¿±ÃæÀÌ
±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ °¨¼ÒÇß°í ¹«´ëÀÇ Áß½ÉÀº ´õ Å« ¿¬Ã¼µ¿¹°, °ð µÎÁ··ù°¡ Â÷ÁöÇß´Ù. ÀÌ µ¿¹°Àº ±æÀÌ°¡ 4.6m, Áö¸§ÀÌ 30cm°¡
µÇ°Ô ÀÚ¶ú°í, ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾(ðú)ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àº °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ª¼ ¹Ù´Ù »ý¸íÀ» Áö¹èÇß´Ù.
| The trilobites
rapidly declined, and the center of the stage was occupied by the
larger mollusks, or cephalopods. These animals grew to be fifteen
feet long and one foot in diameter and became masters of the seas.
This species of animal appeared suddenly and assumed dominance of
sea life. | |
59:3.6 ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
Å« È»ê È°µ¿Àº À¯·´ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÁöÁßÇØ Çر¸ µÑ·¹¿¡, ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ¿µ±¹Á¦µµ ±Ùó¿¡¼ ÀÌÁ¦ »ý±ä °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô
¸Í·ÄÇÏ°í ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø È»êÀÇ ºÐÃâÀº ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ÀÏ¾î³ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ë¾ÏÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ Áö¿ª À§·Î ÆÛÁø
¿ë¾Ï°ú µÎ²²°¡ 7600m µÎ²²ÀÇ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀÌ ¹ø°¥¾Æ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®µéÀº ¾èÀº ÇØÀú¿¡ ¿ë¾ÏÀÌ °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î Èê·¯³»¸®¸é¼
¾Ï¼® ÅðÀû¹°À» °¡·Î¸·¾Ò°í, ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. °Ý·ÄÇÑ ÁöÁøÀÌ ºÏÀ¯·´, ƯÈ÷ ½ºÄÚƲ·£µå¿¡¼
ÀϾ´Ù.
| The great volcanic
activity of this age was in the European sector. Not in millions
upon millions of years had such violent and extensive volcanic eruptions
occurred as now took place around the Mediterranean trough and especially
in the neighborhood of the British Isles. This lava flow over the
British Isles region today appears as alternate layers of lava and
rock 25,000 feet thick. These rocks were laid down by the intermittent
lava flows which spread out over a shallow sea bed, thus interspersing
the rock deposits, and all of this was subsequently elevated high
above the sea. Violent earthquakes took place in northern Europe,
notably in Scotland. | |
59:3.7 Çؾ缺
±âÈÄ´Â ¿ÂÈÇÏ°í ±ÕÀÏÇÏ°Ô À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú°í, µûµíÇÑ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ±ØÁö¹æÀÇ ÇؾÈÀ» µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù. ¿ÏÁ· µ¿¹°°ú ±âŸ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í ȼ®µéÀº
ºÏ±Ø ¹Ù·Î À§ÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º¹Á··ù¤ý¿ÏÁ··ù¤ýÇظ鵿¹°, ±×¸®°í »êÈ£Ãʸ¦ ¸¸µå´Â »êÈ£°¡ ÁÙ°ð ´Ã¾î³µ´Ù.
| The oceanic
climate remained mild and uniform, and the warm seas bathed the
shores of the polar lands. Brachiopod and other marine-life fossils
may be found in these deposits right up to the North Pole. Gastropods,
brachiopods, sponges, and reef-making corals continued to increase.
| |
59:3.8 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
³¡¿¡´Â ³²ÂÊ°ú ºÏÂÊ ´ë¾çÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¶Ç ÇÑ ¹ø ¼·Î ¼¯ÀÌ´Â ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±â ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° Áøº¸¸¦ ¸ñ°ÝÇÑ´Ù. µÎÁ··ù°¡ Çؾç
»ý¸íÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ°í, ÇÑÆí °ü·ÃµÈ »ý¸í ÇüÅ°¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß´ÞÇÏ°í ºÐȵȴÙ.
| The close of
this epoch witnesses the second advance of the Silurian seas with
another commingling of the waters of the southern and northern oceans.
The cephalopods dominate marine life, while associated forms of
life progressively develop and differentiate. | |
59:3.9
2¾ï 8õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¿©·¯ ´ë·úÀÌ ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ µÑ° ¹ü¶÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ëü·Î ¼Ú¾Æ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô °¡¶ó¾ÉÀº ¾Ï¼® ÅðÀû¹°Àº
ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ¼®È¸¼®À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®Ãþ À§·Î ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ÆøÆ÷°¡ Áö±Ý È帣±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀº µ¿ÂÊ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼ ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ° À¯¿ª±îÁö »¸Áö¸¸, ³²ÂÊÀ» »©°í, ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¸Ö¸® ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸î ÃþÀÌ Ä³³ª´Ù¿¡,
³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÀϺÎ, ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ, ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯·´¿¡ ¿¬ÀåµÇÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó °è¿ÀÇ Æò±Õ µÎ²²´Â ¾à 200m°¡
µÈ´Ù. ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ÅðÀû¹° ¹Ù·Î À§¿¡¼ ¿ª¾Ï, ÀÌÆǾÏ, ¾Ï¼® ¼Ò±ÝÀÇ ÁýÇÕü°¡ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº
2Â÷ ħÀüÀÌ ´©ÀûµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Ò±ÝÀº Å« °³ÆÞ¿¡ Á¤ÂøµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ °³ÆÞÀº ¹ø°¥¾Æ¼ ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ¿·È´Ù°¡ ³ªÁß¿¡ ´ÜÀýµÇ¾ú±â
¶§¹®¿¡, ¿ë¾× ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹°Áú°ú ÇÔ²² ¼Ò±ÝÀÌ ÅðÀûµÇ¸é¼ Áõ¹ßÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ¾î¶² Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ ¾Ï¼® ¼Ò±Ý ¹Ù´ÚÀÇ
µÎ²²°¡ 21m³ª µÈ´Ù.
| 280,000,000
years ago the continents had largely emerged from the second Silurian
inundation. The rock deposits of this submergence are known in North
America as Niagara limestone because this is the stratum of rock
over which Niagara Falls now flows. This layer of rock extends from
the eastern mountains to the Mississippi valley region but not farther
west except to the south. Several layers extend over Canada, portions
of South America, Australia, and most of Europe, the average thickness
of this Niagara series being about six hundred feet. Immediately
overlying the Niagara deposit, in many regions may be found a collection
of conglomerate, shale, and rock salt. This is the accumulation
of secondary subsidences. This salt settled in great lagoons which
were alternately opened up to the sea and then cut off so that evaporation
occurred with deposition of salt along with other matter held in
solution. In some regions these rock salt beds are seventy feet
thick. | |
59:3.10 ±âÈÄ´Â
°í¸£°í µûµíÇϸç, ÇؾçÀÇ È¼®µéÀº ±ØÁö¿¡¼ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¶§°¡ µÇ¾î¼, ¹Ù´Ù´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô
Â¥¼ °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹« »ý¸íµµ »ýÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
| The climate
is even and mild, and marine fossils are laid down in the arctic
regions. But by the end of this epoch the seas are so excessively
salty that little life survives. | |
59:3.11 ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ
¸¶Áö¸· ħ¼ö°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ, °¹³ª¸® ¼®È¸¼®ÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°¿¡¼ Áõ¸íµÇ´Ù½ÃÇÇ, ±ØÇǵ¿¹°¡ª¹Ù´Ù³ª¸®¡ª°¡ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. »ï¿±ÃæÀº
°ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁ® ¹ö·È°í ¿¬Ã¼µ¿¹°ÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼ ±ºÁÖ ³ë¸©À» °è¼ÓÇϸç, »êÈ£ÃÊ Çü¼ºÀÌ Å©°Ô ´Ã¾î³´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡, Á¶°ÇÀÌ À¯¸®ÇÑ
À§Ä¡¿¡ ¿ø½ÃÀÇ ¹° Àü°¥ÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ÁøÈÇÑ´Ù. ±× µÚ¿¡ ¾ó¸¶ ÀÖ´Ù°¡, °©ÀÚ±â Âü Àü°¥¡ª½ÇÁ¦·Î °ø±â·Î ¼û½¬´Â °Í¡ªµéÀÌ
³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
| Toward the
close of the final Silurian submergence there is a great increase
in the echinoderms-the stone lilies-as is evidenced by the crinoid
limestone deposits. The trilobites have nearly disappeared, and
the mollusks continue monarchs of the seas; coral-reef formation
increases greatly. During this age, in the more favorable locations
the primitive water scorpions first evolve. Soon thereafter, and
suddenly, the true scorpions-actual air breathers-make their appearance.
| |
59:3.12 ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¹ßÀüÀÌ 2õ5¹é¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÃļ, ¼¼ ¹ø° ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í ±â°£À» ³¡¸¶ÃÆ°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³ÊÈñ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±â·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| These developments
terminate the third marine-life period, covering twenty-five million
years and known to your researchers as the Silurian. |
4. The Great
Land-Emergence Stage In the agelong struggle between land and water, for long periods the sea has been comparatively victorious, but times of land victory are just ahead. And the continental drifts have not proceeded so far but that, at times, practically all of the land of the world is connected by slender isthmuses and narrow land bridges. | ||
59:4.2 ½Ç·ç¸®¾Æ±âÀÇ
¸¶Áö¸· È«¼ö¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÌ ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£ÀÚ, ¼¼°èÀÇ ¹ßÀü°ú »ý¸íÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ½Ã±â°¡ ¸·À» ³»¸°´Ù. Áö±¸»ó¿¡
»õ·Î¿î ½Ã´ë°¡ µµ·¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ú°Å¹þ°í º¸À߰;ø´Â ¿¾ dz°æÀÌ ¿ïâÇÑ Çª¸¥ ¿ÊÀ» °ÉÄ¡¸ç, óÀ½À¸·Î Àå¾öÇÑ ½£µéÀÌ °ð
³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| As the land
emerges from the last Silurian inundation, an important period in
world development and life evolution comes to an end. It is the
dawn of a new age on earth. The naked and unattractive landscape
of former times is becoming clothed with luxuriant verdure, and
the first magnificent forests will soon appear. | |
9:4.3 ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº ÃʱâÀÇ Á¾(ðú)µéÀÇ ºÐ¸®·Î ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇßÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¼¯ÀÌ¸ç ±ºÁýÀ» ÀÌ·é´Ù.
¿ÏÁ· µ¿¹°Àº ÀÏÂï ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£·¶°í, ÀýÁöµ¿¹°ÀÌ ±×µéÀ» À̾î¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, µû°³ºñµéÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î µîÀåÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ
Å« »ç°ÇÀº ¹°°í±â°ú(Ρ)°¡ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ôÃßµ¿¹°ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÎ ¹°°í±â ½Ã´ë°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| The marine
life of this age was very diverse due to the early species segregation,
but later on there was free commingling and association of all these
different types. The brachiopods early reached their climax, being
succeeded by the arthropods, and barnacles made their first appearance.
But the greatest event of all was the sudden appearance of the fish
family. This became the age of fishes, that period of the world's
history characterized by the vertebrate type of animal. | |
59:4.4
2¾ï 7õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ´ë·úµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¹° À§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº ¶¥ÀÌ ÇÑ ¹ø¿¡ ¹° À§¿¡ ÀÖÀº ÀûÀÌ
¾ø¾ú´Ù. À̶§´Â ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç»ó ¶¥ÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ³ ½Ã±â Áß Çϳª¿´´Ù.
| 270,000,000
years ago the continents were all above water. In millions upon
millions of years not so much land had been above water at one time;
it was one of the greatest land-emergence epochs in all world history.
| |
59:4.5
5¹é¸¸ ³â ÈÄ¿¡, ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, À¯·´, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ºÏ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ, È£ÁÖÀÇ À°Áö°¡ Àá½Ã ħ¼öµÇ¾ú°í, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼´Â ÇѶ§
ȤÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¶§ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹°¿¡ Àá°åÀ¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú·Î »ý±ä ¼®È¸¼® ÁöÃþÀº µÎ²²°¡ 150m~1,500m Á¤µµ³ª µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ
´Ù¾çÇÑ µ¥º»±âÀÇ
¿©·¯ ¹Ù´Ù´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î, ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾î °Å´ëÇÑ ºÏ±ØÀÇ ºÏ¹Ì ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù´Â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ºÏºÎ¸¦
ÅëÇؼ ÅÂÆò¾çÀ¸·Î °¡´Â Ãⱸ¸¦ ã¾Ò´Ù.
| Five million
years later the land areas of North and South America, Europe, Africa,
northern Asia, and Australia were briefly inundated, in North America
the submergence at one time or another being almost complete; and
the resulting limestone layers run from 500 to 5,000 feet in thickness.
These various Devonian seas extended first in one direction and
then in another so that the immense arctic North American inland
sea found an outlet to the Pacific Ocean through northern California.
| |
59:4.6
2¾ï 6õ¸¸ ³â Àü, À°Áö°¡ °¡¶ó¾É´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ÅÂÆò¾ç¤ý´ë¼¾ç¤ýºÏ±ØÇؤý°ÉÇÁ ÇØ[2]¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ ¹Ù´Ù°¡
ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦ ÀϺΠµ¤¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¥º»±âÀÇ Ã¹Â° È«¼öÀÇ Èıâ ÅðÀû¹°Àº µÎ²²°¡ Æò±Õ ¾à 300m¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦
Ư¡Áþ´Â »êÈ£ÃʵéÀº ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¸¼°í ¾è¾ÒÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »êÈ£ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ÄËÅÍÅ°ÁÖÀÇ ·çÀ̺ô ±Ùó, ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À
°µÏ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, µÎ²²°¡ ¾à 30m°¡ µÇ¸ç 2¹é ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ç°Á¾À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »êÈ£µéÀº ij³ª´Ù¿Í ºÏÀ¯·´À» °ÅÃÄ
ºÏ±Ø Áö¿ª±îÁö »¸¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
*°¢ÁÖ[2] °ÉÇÁ ÇØ : ¸ß½ÃÄÚ ¸¸À» ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù. | 260,000,000
y ears ago, toward the end of this land-depression epoch, North
America was partially overspread by seas having simultaneous connection
with the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, and Gulf waters. The deposits
of these later stages of the first Devonian flood average about
one thousand feet in thickness. The coral reefs characterizing these
times indicate that the inland seas were clear and shallow. Such
coral deposits are exposed in the banks of the Ohio River near Louisville,
Kentucky, and are about one hundred feet thick, embracing more than
two hundred varieties. These coral formations extend through Canada
and northern Europe to the arctic regions. | |
59:4.7 ÀÌ Ä§¼ö¿¡
µÚÀ̾î, ¸¹Àº Çؾȼ±ÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ »ó½ÂÇÏ¿© ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ÁøÈëÀ̳ª ÀÌÆǾÏÀ¸·Î µ¤ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ µ¥º»±âÀÇ ÅðÀû¹° Áß
Çϳª¸¦ Ư¡Áþ´Â ºÓÀº »ç¾Ï ÁöÃþÀÌ Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ºÓÀº ÃþÀº Áö±¸ÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐ±îÁö »¸¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«,
À¯·´¤ý·¯½Ã¾Æ¤ýÁß±¹¤ý¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¤ý¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÓÀº ÅðÀû¹°Àº °ÇÁ¶Çϰųª ¹Ý °ÇÁ¶µÈ »óŸ¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÏÁö¸¸,
ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÈÇÏ°í Æò¿ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| Following these
submergences, many of the shore lines were considerably elevated
so that the earlier deposits were covered by mud or shale. There
is also a red sandstone stratum which characterizes one of the Devonian
sedimentations, and this red layer extends over much of the earth's
surface, being found in North and South America, Europe, Russia,
China, Africa, and Australia. Such red deposits are suggestive of
arid or semiarid conditions, but the climate of this epoch was still
mild and even. | |
59:4.8 ÀÌ ±â°£
³»³» ½Å½Ã³»Æ¼ ¼¶ÀÇ ³²µ¿ÂÊ ¶¥Àº ¹° À§¿¡ ¾¦ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿µ±¹ ¼¶À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¼À¯·´ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¹°¿¡ Àá°å´Ù.
¿þÀϽº¿Í µ¶ÀÏ, ±×¸®°í À¯·´ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °÷µé¿¡¼, µ¥º»±âÀÇ ¹ÙÀ§´Â µÎ²²°¡ 6000m°¡ µÈ´Ù.
| Throughout
all of this period the land southeast of the Cincinnati Island remained
well above water. But very much of western Europe, including the
British Isles, was submerged. In Wales, Germany, and other places
in Europe the Devonian rocks are 20,000 feet thick. | |
59:4.9
2¾ï 5õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¸ðµç Àηù ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´Ü°è Áß ÇϳªÀÎ, ôÃßµ¿¹°ÀÎ ¹°°í±â °úÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇÏ°Ô
µÈ´Ù.
| 250,000,000
years ago witnessed the appearance of the fish family, the vertebrates,
one of the most important steps in all prehuman evolution. | |
59:4.10 ÀýÁöµ¿¹°,
¶Ç´Â °©°¢·ù´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Ã´Ãßµ¿¹°ÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ´Ù. ¹°°í±â °úÀÇ ¼±Á¶µéÀº µÎ ¸¶¸®ÀÇ º¯ÇüµÈ ÀýÁöµ¿¹° Á¶»óÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ÇÑ ¸¶¸®´Â
¸Ó¸®¿Í ²¿¸®¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ±ä ¸öÀ» °¡Á³°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¸¶¸®´Â µî»À°¡ ¾ø°í ÅÎÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¹°°í±â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÇüÅ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ
ÀÌÀüÀÇ Á¾·ùµéÀº, µ¿¹° ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ù ¹ø° ôÃßµ¿¹°ÀÎ ¹°°í±âµéÀÌ °©Àڱ⠺ÏÂÊ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ» ¶§ ºü¸£°Ô ¸ê¸ÁÇß´Ù.
| The arthropods,
or crustaceans, were the ancestors of the first vertebrates. The
forerunners of the fish family were two modified arthropod ancestors;
one had a long body connecting a head and tail, while the other
was a backboneless, jawless prefish. But these preliminary types
were quickly destroyed when the fishes, the first vertebrates of
the animal world, made their sudden appearance from the north. | |
59:4.11 °¡Àå
Å« Âü ¹°°í±âÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼ÓÇϸç, ÀÌ»¡À» °¡Áø ¸î¸î Á¾·ùµéÀº 7.6m~9.1mÀÇ ±æÀÌÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »ó¾î´Â
ÀÌ °í´ë ¹°°í±âÀÇ ÀÜÀçÀÌ´Ù. ÇãÆĸ¦ °¡Áø °©¿Ê ¹°°í±â´Â ÁøÈÀÇ Á¤Á¡¿¡ À̸£·¶°í, ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡ ¹°°í±â´Â ¹Î¹°°ú
§¹°, ¸ðµÎ¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| Many of the
largest true fish belong to this age, some of the teeth-bearing
varieties being twenty-five to thirty feet long; the present-day
sharks are the survivors of these ancient fishes. The lung and armored
fishes reached their evolutionary apex, and before this epoch had
ended, fishes had adapted to both fresh and salt waters. | |
59:4.12 ¹°°í±â
ÀÌ»¡°ú °ñ°ÝÀÇ ÁøÂ¥ »À´ë´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ½×ÀÎ ÅðÀû¹°¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¾Æ´ÁÇÑ ¸¸ÀÌ ±×
Áö¿ªÀÇ ¶¥À¸·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, dzºÎÇÑ È¼® ÁöÃþÀÌ Ä¶¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÇؾȰ¡¿¡ ÀÚ¸® Àâ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| Veritable
bone beds of fish teeth and skeletons may be found in the deposits
laid down toward the close of this period, and rich fossil beds
are situated along the coast of California since many sheltered
bays of the Pacific Ocean extended into the land of that region.
| |
59:4.13 ´ëÁö´Â
»õ·Î¿î À°Áö ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÆØâÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö´Â ¹°°¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½Ä¹° ¿Ü¿¡´Â À°Áö¿¡¼ ÀÚ¶ó´Â ½Ä¹°ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ °©ÀÚ±â, ´Ù»êÇÏ´Â ¾çÄ¡½Ä¹°ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´õ´Ï ¼ø½Ä°£¿¡ ¼¼°è °¢Áö¿¡¼ ±ÞÈ÷ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â ¶¥ À§·Î ÆìÁ® ³ª°¬´Ù. µÎ²²°¡
60cm, Å°°¡ 12m µÇ´Â ³ª¹« Á¾·ùµéÀÌ °ð ¹ß´ÞÇß´Ù; ³ªÁß¿¡ ÀÙµéÀº ÁøÈÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ÃʱâÀÇ Á¾·ùµéÀº °Ü¿ì ±âº»ÀûÀÎ
ÀÙ¸¸ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´õ ÀÛÀº ½Ä¹°µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, À̰͵éÀº º¸Åë ´õ ÀÏÂï ³ªÅ¸³ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸ê¸ÁµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡
±× ȼ®Àº ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
| The earth
was being rapidly overrun by the new orders of land vegetation.
Heretofore few plants grew on land except about the water's edge.
Now, and suddenly, the prolific fern family appeared and quickly
spread over the face of the rapidly rising land in all parts of
the world. Tree types, two feet thick and forty feet high, soon
developed; later on, leaves evolved, but these early varieties had
only rudimentary foliage. There were many smaller plants, but their
fossils are not found since they were usually destroyed by the still
earlier appearing bacteria. | |
59:4.14 ¶¥ÀÌ
³ô¾ÆÁö¸é¼, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ±×¸°¶õµå±îÁö »¸¾î ÀÖ´Â À°Áö ´Ù¸®·Î À¯·´°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×¸°¶õµå´Â ±× ¾óÀ½ÀÇ Ãþ ¾Æ·¡¿¡
Ãʱâ À°Áö ½Ä¹°µéÀÇ ÀÜÇظ¦ °£Á÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| As the land
rose, North America became connected with Europe by land bridges
extending to Greenland. And today Greenland holds the remains of
these early land plants beneath its mantle of ice. | |
59:4.15
2¾ï 4õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ À¯·´°ú ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÀϺο¡ °ÉÄ£ ¶¥ÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§ÇÏ Çö»óÀº µ¥º»±â È«¼ö Áß
¸¶Áö¸·ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå ´ú ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ È«¼öÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â ´Ù½Ã ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿½ÃÄ×°í,
´ë¼¾çÀº À¯·´°ú ¼¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ħ¼ö½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, ÇÑÆí ³²ÅÂÆò¾çÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àεµ¸¦ µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ü¶÷Àº ¼¼È÷
³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ¶È°°ÀÌ ´À¸®°Ô ¹°·¯°¬´Ù. Çãµå½¼° ¼ÂÊ Á¦¹æÀ» µû¶ó Àִ ijÃ÷ų »ê¸ÆÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ ÀÌ ½Ã´ë
ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ±â³ä¹° Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.
| 240,000,000
years ago the land over parts of both Europe and North and South
America began to sink. This subsidence marked the appearance of
the last and least extensive of the Devonian floods. The arctic
seas again moved southward over much of North America, the Atlantic
inundated a large part of Europe and western Asia, while the southern
Pacific covered most of India. This inundation was slow in appearing
and equally slow in retreating. The Catskill Mountains along the
west bank of the Hudson River are one of the largest geologic monuments
of this epoch to be found on the surface of North America. | |
59:4.16
2¾ï 3õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù´Â Åð·Î¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹° À§¿¡ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ¾ú°í, °Å´ëÇÑ È»ê
È°µ¿ÀÌ ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·Î·»½º Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ÀϾ´Ù. ÀÌ È»ê Áß¿¡ ¸óÆ®¸®¿ÃÀÇ ·Î¿ »êÀº ÇϳªÀÇ Á¼Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ
½Ã±â ÀüüÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥, ¼½ºÄÉÇϳª °Àº 4000m ÀÌ»óÀÇ µÎ²²¿¡ À̸£´Â
¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÃþÀ» µå·¯³»´Â °è°îÀ» °¡¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| 230,000,000
years ago the seas were continuing their retreat. Much of North
America was above water, and great volcanic activity occurred in
the St. Lawrence region. Mount Royal, at Montreal, is the eroded
neck of one of these volcanoes. The deposits of this entire epoch
are well shown in the Appalachian Mountains of North America where
the Susquehanna River has cut a valley exposing these successive
layers, which attained a thickness of over 13,000 feet. | |
59:4.17 ´ë·úµéÀÇ
À¶±â°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú°í, ´ë±â´Â »ê¼Ò·Î dzºÎÇØÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 30m µÇ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ¾çÄ¡·ù ½£°ú ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ³ª¹«µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
¶¥Àº ¿ÂÅë µÚµ¤¿´°í, °í¿äÇÑ ½£Àº ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¸®µµ µé¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù; ³ª¹µÀÙÀÇ ¹Ù½º¶ô ¼Ò¸®µµ ³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·±
³ª¹«µéÀº ÀÙÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
| The elevation
of the continents proceeded, and the atmosphere was becoming enriched
with oxygen. The earth was overspread by vast forests of ferns one
hundred feet high and by the peculiar trees of those days, silent
forests; not a sound was heard, not even the rustle of a leaf, for
such trees had no leaves. | |
59:4.18 ÀÌ·¸°Ô
ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ °¡Àå ±ä ½Ã±âÀÇ Çϳª, ¹°°í±â ½Ã´ë°¡ Àú¹°¾ú´Ù. ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ÀÌ ±â°£Àº °ÅÀÇ 5õ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È
Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù; À̶§´Â ³ÊÈñ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô µ¥º»±â·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| And thus drew
to a close one of the longest periods of marine-life evolution,
the age of fishes. This period of the world's history lasted almost
fifty million years; it has become known to your researchers as
the Devonian. |
5. The Crustal-Shifting
Stage The appearance of fish during the preceding period marks the apex of marine-life evolution. From this point onward the evolution of land life becomes increasingly important. And this period opens with the stage almost ideally set for the appearance of the first land animals. | ||
59:5.2
2¾ï 2õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸¹Àº ´ë·úÀÇ À°Áö Áö¿ªÀÌ ¹° À§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¶¥Àº È·ÁÇÑ Ãʸñµé·Î
°¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; À̶§´Â Á¤¸»·Î ¾çÄ¡½Ä¹°ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ÀÌ»êÈź¼Ò°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´ë±â Áß¿¡ À־ Á¤µµ´Â ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù.
| 220,000,000
years ago many of the continental land areas, including most of
North America, were above water. The land was overrun by luxurious
vegetation; this was indeed the age of ferns. Carbon dioxide was
still present in the atmosphere but in lessening degree. | |
59:5.3 ±× Á÷ÈÄ
ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Áß¾Ó ºÎºÐÀÌ Ä§¼öµÇ¾î µÎ °³ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç ÇؾÈÀÇ °íÁöµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇöÀçÀÇ
Çؾȼ± ¹Ù·Î ³Ê¸Ó¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ¼·Î ¼¯ÀÌ¸é¼ ÇöÀç ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ ÇÕÃÄÁ³°í, ÀÌ Çؾç
µ¿¹°µéÀÇ °áÇÕÀº ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÌ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí, Â÷ÈÄÀÇ À°Áö »ý¸í ±â°£ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù.
| Shortly thereafter
the central portion of North America was inundated, creating two
great inland seas. Both the Atlantic and Pacific coastal highlands
were situated just beyond the present shore lines. These two seas
presently united, commingling their different forms of life, and
the union of these marine fauna marked the beginning of the rapid
and world-wide decline in marine life and the opening of the subsequent
land-life period. | |
59:5.4
2¾ï 1õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ µûµíÇÑ ¹°·Î µÚµ¤ÀÎ ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù. ³²±ØÇØ´Â ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í È£ÁÖ¸¦
ħ¼ö½ÃÄ×°í, ÇÑÆí ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù.
| 210,000,000
years ago the warm-water arctic seas covered most of North America
and Europe. The south polar waters inundated South America and Australia,
while both Africa and Asia were highly elevated. | |
59:5.5 ¹Ù´Ù°¡
°¡Àå ³ô¾ÆÁ³À» ¶§, °©Àڱ⠻õ·Î¿î ÁøÈÀû ¹ßÀüÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. µ¹¿¬È÷ ù ¹ø° À°Áö µ¿¹°ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. À°Áö³ª ¹°¿¡¼ »ì
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °ø±â·Î ¼û½¬´Â ÀÌ ¾ç¼·ù´Â ÀýÁöµ¿¹°¿¡¼ ¹ßÀüÇß°í, À̰͵éÀÌ Çì¾öÄ¡´Â µ¥ ¾²ÀÌ´Â
ºÎ·¹´Â ÇãÆÄ·Î ÁøÈÇß´Ù.
| When the seas
were at their height, a new evolutionary development suddenly occurred.
Abruptly, the first of the land animals appeared. There were numerous
species of these animals that were able to live on land or in water.
These air-breathing amphibians developed from the arthropods, whose
swim bladders had evolved into lungs. | |
59:5.6 ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ
§¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ À°Áö ´ÞÆØÀÌ, Àü°¥¤ý°³±¸¸®°¡ ±â¾î ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ °³±¸¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹°¼Ó¿¡¼ ¾ËÀ» ³º°í, ±× »õ³¢´Â óÀ½¿¡
ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â, °ð ¿ÃìÀÌ·Î Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ °³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
| From the briny
waters of the seas there crawled out upon the land snails, scorpions,
and frogs. Today frogs still lay their eggs in water, and their
young first exist as little fishes, tadpoles. This period could
well be known as the age of frogs. | |
59:5.7 ±× Á÷ÈÄ
°ïÃæµéÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, °Å¹Ì¤ýÀü°¥¤ý¹ÙÄû¹ú·¹¤ý±Í¶Ñ¶ó¹Ì¤ý¸Þ¶Ñ±â¿Í ÇÔ²², ¼¼°èÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´ë·úÀ» °ð µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù. ÀáÀÚ¸®´Â
°¡·Î°¡ 76cm¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. 1õ Á¾ÀÇ ¹ÙÄû¹ú·¹°¡ ¹ß´ÞÇß°í, ¾î¶² Á¾Àº ±æÀÌ°¡ 10cm±îÁö ÀÚ¶ú´Ù.
| Very soon thereafter
the insects first appeared and, together with spiders, scorpions,
cockroaches, crickets, and locusts, soon overspread the continents
of the world. Dragon flies measured thirty inches across. One thousand
species of cockroaches developed, and some grew to be four inches
long. | |
59:5.8 µÎ Áý´ÜÀÇ
±ØÇǵ¿¹°ÀÌ Æ¯º°È÷ Àß ¹ß´ÞÇß°í, ½ÇÁ¦·Î À̰͵éÀº ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ¾È³»Çϴ ȼ®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¶°³¸¦ ¸Ô°í »ç´Â Å« »ó¾îµéÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ
»ó´çÈ÷ ÁøÈÇß°í, ±×°ÍµéÀº 5¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ ³Ñµµ·Ï ´ë¾çÀ» Áö¹èÇß´Ù. ±âÈÄ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ µûµíÇÏ°í ¿ÂÈÇß´Ù; ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº °ÅÀÇ
º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¹Î¹°°í±â°¡ ¹ß´ÞÇß°í, »ï¿±ÃæÀº ¸êÁ¾ À§±â¿¡ óÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »êÈ£´Â µå¹°¾ú°í, ¼®È¸¾ÏÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù³ª¸®¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áú ÁÁÀº °ÇÃà¿ë ¼®È¸¼® ÃþÀº ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ½×¿´´Ù.
| Two groups
of echinoderms became especially well developed, and they are in
reality the guide fossils of this epoch. The large shell-feeding
sharks were also highly evolved, and for more than five million
years they dominated the oceans. The climate was still mild and
equable; the marine life was little changed. Fresh-water fish were
developing and the trilobites were nearing extinction. Corals were
scarce, and much of the limestone was being made by the crinoids.
The finer building limestones were laid down during this epoch.
| |
59:5.9 ¸¹Àº ³»·ú
¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¹°Àº ¼®È¸¿Í ±âŸ ±¤¹°À» ¸¹ÀÌ Ç°°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸¹Àº Çؾç Á¾ÀÚÀÇ Áøº¸¿Í ¹ß´ÞÀ» Å©°Ô ¹æÇØÇß´Ù. °á±¹¿¡
¾Æ¿¬°ú ³³À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ ¾î¶² °÷¿¡¼´Â, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼®Àç ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ¹Ù´Ù´Â ±ú²ýÇØÁ³´Ù.
| The waters
of many of the inland seas were so heavily charged with lime and
other minerals as greatly to interfere with the progress and development
of many marine species. Eventually the seas cleared up as the result
of an extensive stone deposit, in some places containing zinc and
lead. | |
59:5.10 ÀÌ Ãʱâ
¼®Åº ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº µÎ²²°¡ 150m~600m°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, »ç¾Ï¤ýÀÌÆǾϤý¼®È¸¼®À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. °¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ ÁöÃþÀº,
¸¹Àº ÀÚ°¥°ú ºÐÁöÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°°ú ÇÔ²², À°Áö ¹× ÇØ¾ç µ¿½Ä¹°ÀÇ È¼®À» »êÃâÇÑ´Ù. ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ ÀÌ ÁöÃþ¿¡´Â ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼®ÅºÀÌ
°ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°µéÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ ½×¿©Áø °Í°ú ¸Å¿ì À¯»çÇÏ´Ù.
| The deposits
of this early Carboniferous age are from 500 to 2,000 feet thick,
consisting of sandstone, shale, and limestone. The oldest strata
yield the fossils of both land and marine animals and plants, along
with much gravel and basin sediments. Little workable coal is found
in these older strata. These depositions throughout Europe are very
similar to those laid down over North America. | |
59:5.11 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ Àá½Ã Áß´ÜµÇ¸é¼ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Í ÀÌÀü ¹Ù´ÚÀÇ ¹ÝÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ Ä§¼ö´Â ª¾Ò°í, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¶¥Àº °ð ¹° À§·Î ¾¦ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ ÅëÇØ À¯·´°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Toward the
close of this epoch the land of North America began to rise. There
was a short interruption, and the sea returned to cover about half
of its previous beds. This was a short inundation, and most of the
land was soon well above water. South America was still connected
with Europe by way of Africa. | |
59:5.12 ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â
º¸ÁÖ »ê¸Æ¤ý½´¹Ù¸£Ã÷¹ßÆ®[3]¤ýÀ¯¶ö »ê¸ÆÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇß´Ù. ¿µ±¹°ú À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡¼ ¿À·¡µÈ ´Ù¸¥ »ê¸ÆµéÀÇ ±×·çÅͱⰡ ¹ß°ßµÉ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
*°¢ÁÖ [3] ½´¹Ù¸£Ã÷¹ßÆ® : Black Forest (Schwarzwald), µ¶ÀÏ ³²¼ºÎÀÇ »ï¸² Áö´ë. | This epoch
witnessed the beginning of the Vosges, Black Forest, and Ural mountains.
Stumps of other and older mountains are to be found all over Great
Britain and Europe. | |
59:5.13
2¾ï ³â Àü¿¡ ¼®Åº±â
½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¤¸» È°¹ßÇÑ ´Ü°è°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â ÀÌÀü¿¡ 2õ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È, ´õ À̸¥ ¼®Åº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ½×ÀÌ°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸,
ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼®Åº Çü¼º È°µ¿ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼®ÅºÀÌ ½×ÀÌ´Â ½Ã±â´Â 2õ5¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ Á¶±Ý ³Ñ´Â´Ù.
| 200,000,000
years ago the really active stages of the Carboniferous period began.
For twenty million years prior to this time the earlier coal deposits
were being laid down, but now the more extensive coal-formation
activities were in process. The length of the actual coal-deposition
epoch was a little over twenty-five million years. | |
59:5.14 ÇØÀúÀÇ
È°µ¿À¸·Î »ý±â´Â Çؼö¸éÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ ¶§¹®¿¡ À°Áö´Â ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¿À¸£³»¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Áö°¢ÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¡ª¶¥ÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É°í ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â
°Í¡ªÀº ÇØ¾È ´ËÁö´ëÀÇ ´Ù»ê Ãʸñµé°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼®Åº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ ±â¿©Çß°í, ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¼®Åº±â·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±âÈÄ´Â Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÈÇß´Ù.
| The land was
periodically going up and down due to the shifting sea level occasioned
by activities on the ocean bottoms. This crustal uneasiness-the
settling and rising of the land-in connection with the prolific
vegetation of the coastal swamps, contributed to the production
of extensive coal deposits, which have caused this period to be
known as the Carboniferous. And the climate was still mild the world
over. | |
59:5.15 ¼®ÅºÃþÀº
ÀÌÆǾϤý¹ÙÀ§¤ý¿ª¾Ï°ú ¹ø°¥¾Æ Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÁßºÎ¿Í µ¿ºÎ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¼®ÅºÃþµéÀº µÎ²²°¡ 12m~15m ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸¹Àº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡ ¶¥ÀÌ »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¶°³»·Á°¬´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ÀÇ ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼´Â ¼®ÅºÀ» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ
ÁöÃþÀÇ µÎ²²°¡ 5,400m³ª µÈ´Ù.
| The coal layers
alternate with shale, stone, and conglomerate. These coal beds over
central and eastern United States vary in thickness from forty to
fifty feet. But many of these deposits were washed away during subsequent
land elevations. In some parts of North America and Europe the coal-bearing
strata are 18,000 feet in thickness. | |
59:5.16 ÇöÀçÀÇ
¼®ÅºÃþ ¹ØÀÇ ÁøÈë ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÚ¶ó´Â ³ª¹«»Ñ¸®ÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â ¼®ÅºÀÌ ÇöÀç ¹ß°ßµÈ °÷¿¡¼ Á¤È®È÷ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÀº
¾ÆµæÈ÷ ¸Õ ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼ö··¿¡¼, ¶Ç ´Ë Çؾȿ¡¼ ÀÚ¶ó´ø ¹«¼ºÇÑ ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ¹°¼Ó¿¡ º¸Á¸µÇ°í, ¾Ð·ÂÀ¸·Î º¯ÇüµÈ ÀÜÀçÀÌ´Ù.
¼®ÅºÃþÀº ÈçÈ÷ °¡½º¿Í ±â¸§, µÑ ´Ù¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. Åäź(÷Ï÷©) ÁöÃþÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ ½Ä¹° ¼ºÀåÀÇ ÀÜ¿©¹°·Î, Àû´çÇÑ ¾Ð·Â°ú
¿À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¼®ÅºÀ¸·Î º¯È¯µÈ´Ù. ¹«¿¬ÅºÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¼®Åºº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ¾Ð·Â°ú ¿À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
| The presence
of roots of trees as they grew in the clay underlying the present
coal beds demonstrates that coal was formed exactly where it is
now found. Coal is the water-preserved and pressure-modified remains
of the rank vegetation growing in the bogs and on the swamp shores
of this faraway age. Coal layers often hold both gas and oil. Peat
beds, the remains of past vegetable growth, would be converted into
a type of coal if subjected to proper pressure and heat. Anthracite
has been subjected to more pressure and heat than other coal. | |
59:5.17 ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ
¿©·¯ ÁöÃþ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼®ÅºÃþÀº ¶¥ÀÌ ¸î ¹øÀ̳ª ³»·Á°¡°í ¿Ã¶ó°¬´ÂÁö¸¦ °¡¸®Å°¸ç, ±× ¼ö´Â Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ÁÖ¿¡¼ 10¹ø, Ææ½Çº£À̴ϾÆ
ÁÖ¿¡¼ 20¹ø, ¾Ù¶ó¹è¸¶ ÁÖ¿¡¼ 35¹ø, ij³ª´Ù¿¡¼ 75¹ø¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù. ¹Î¹° ȼ®°ú ¹Ù´å¹° ȼ®ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ
¼®ÅºÃþ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.
| In North America
the layers of coal in the various beds, which indicate the number
of times the land fell and rose, vary from ten in Illinois, twenty
in Pennsylvania, thirty-five in Alabama, to seventy-five in Canada.
Both fresh- and salt-water fossils are found in the coal beds. | |
59:5.18 ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦
ÅëƲ¾î, ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ »ê¸ÆµéÀº È°µ¿ÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò°í, ¾Èµ¥½º »ê¸Æ°ú ³²ºÎÀÇ Á¶»ó ·ÎÅ°»ê¸ÆÀÌ ¸ðµÎ »ó½ÂÇß´Ù. °Å´ëÇÑ ´ë¼¾ç°ú
ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ³ôÀº ÇØ¾È Áö¿ªÀº °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í, °á±¹¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁÖ Ä§½ÄµÇ°í ¹°¿¡ Àá°Ü¼ µÎ ´ë¾çÀÇ Çؾȼ±Àº ´ëü·Î ÇöÀç
À§Ä¡·Î ÈÄÅðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§¼ö±âÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº µÎ²²°¡ Æò±Õ ¾à 300m°¡ µÈ´Ù.
| Throughout
this epoch the mountains of North and South America were active,
both the Andes and the southern ancestral Rocky Mountains rising.
The great Atlantic and Pacific high coastal regions began to sink,
eventually becoming so eroded and submerged that the coast lines
of both oceans withdrew to approximately their present positions.
The deposits of this inundation average about one thousand feet
in thickness. | |
59:5.19
1¾ï 9õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼®Åº±â ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ·ÎÅ°»ê¸Æ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î È®ÀåµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸¿´°í, ÀÌ°Í¿¡´Â
Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ºÏºÎ¸¦ ÅëÇؼ ÅÂÆò¾ç¿¡ À̸£´Â ¼ö·Î°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Çؾȼ±ÀÌ °¥ÆÎÁúÆÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´ø ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ÇؾÈÀÇ ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£°í
³»·Á°¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼, µÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¼®ÅºÀÌ ÃþÃþÀÌ ½×¿´´Ù.
| 190,000,000
years ago witnessed a westward extension of the North American Carboniferous
sea over the present Rocky Mountain region, with an outlet to the
Pacific Ocean through northern California. Coal continued to be
laid down throughout the Americas and Europe, layer upon layer,
as the coastlands rose and fell during these ages of seashore oscillations.
| |
59:5.20
1¾ï 8õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¼¼°è Àü¿ª¿¡¼¡ªÀ¯·´¤ýÀ嵤ýÁß±¹, ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, µÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´ø ¼®Åº±âÀÇ ¸·ÀÌ ³»·È´Ù.
¼®Åº Çü¼º ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ° µ¿ÂÊ¿¡¼ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú°í, ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±¸¿ªÀº °è¼Ó ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡
³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À°Áö°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´ø ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ Áö¿ª°ú ¼ºÎ¿¡¼ ¸ðµÎ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Çö´ë »ê¸ÆµéÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °ÍÀ»
º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. È»ê È°µ¿Àº ¾Ë·¡½ºÄ«¿Í Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ, ±×¸®°í À¯·´°ú ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »ê¾ÇÁö´ë¿¡¼ È°¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¿ºÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¼À¯·´Àº
±×¸°¶õµå ´ë·úÀ» °ÅÃÄ ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù.
| 180,000,000
years ago brought the close of the Carboniferous period, during
which coal had been formed all over the world¡ªin Europe, India,
China, North Africa, and the Americas. At the close of the coal¡ªformation
period North America east of the Mississippi valley rose, and most
of this section has ever since remained above the sea. This land-elevation
period marks the beginning of the modern mountains of North America,
both in the Appalachian regions and in the west. Volcanoes were
active in Alaska and California and in the mountain-forming regions
of Europe and Asia. Eastern America and western Europe were connected
by the continent of Greenland. | |
59:5.21 À°ÁöÀÇ
»ó½ÂÀº ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ Çؾ缺 ±âÈĸ¦ ºñ·Î¼Ò ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ°í, ±× ´ë½Å¿¡ ´ú µûµíÇÏ°í ´õ º¯µ¿ÇÏ´Â ´ë·ú¼º ±âÈÄ°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǵµ·Ï º¯È½ÃÄ×´Ù.
| Land elevation
began to modify the marine climate of the preceding ages and to
substitute therefor the beginnings of the less mild and more variable
continental climate. | |
59:5.22 ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
½Ä¹°µéÀº Æ÷ÀÚ¸¦ Ç°°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¹Ù¶÷Àº ÀÌ ¾¾µéÀ» ¸Ö¸®±îÁö Æ۶߸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼®Åº±â ³ª¹«µéÀÇ ÁÙ±â´Â º¸Åë ±× Áö¸§ÀÌ
2.1mÀÌ°í, Å°°¡ ÈçÈ÷ 37.5m°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Çö´ëÀÇ ¾çÄ¡½Ä¹°Àº ¾ÆµæÈ÷ ¸Õ ¿¾ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯¹°ÀÌ´Ù.
| The plants
of these times were spore bearing, and the wind was able to spread
them far and wide. The trunks of the Carboniferous trees were commonly
seven feet in diameter and often one hundred and twenty-five feet
high. The modern ferns are truly relics of these bygone ages. | |
59:5.23 ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î,
À̶§´Â ¹Î¹° À¯±âü°¡ ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â¿´°í, ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°¿¡¼´Â °ÅÀÇ º¯È°¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ
Ư¡Àº °³±¸¸®¿Í ±× »çÃ̵éÀÌ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼®Åº ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ý¸íÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº ¾çÄ¡·ù¿Í °³±¸¸®¿´´Ù.
| In general,
these were the epochs of development for fresh-water organisms;
little change occurred in the previous marine life. But the important
characteristic of this period was the sudden appearance of the frogs
and their many cousins. The life features of the coal age were ferns
and frogs. |
59:6.1 ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°ÀÇ ÁßÃßÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ
¹ßÀüÀÌ ³¡³ª°í, ÀÌÈÄ À°Áö µ¿¹°ÀÇ ½Ã´ë·Î À̾îÁö´Â °úµµ±â°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
| 6. The Climatic
Transition Stage This period marks the end of pivotal evolutionary development in marine life and the opening of the transition period leading to the subsequent ages of land animals. | |
59:6.2 ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â
»ý¸íÀÌ Å©°Ô °ï±ÃÇÏ°Ô µÈ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ¼öõ Á¾ÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°ÀÌ ¸ê¸ÁÇß°í, À°Áö¿¡¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ »ý¸íü°¡ Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ
½Ã±â´Â »ý¹°ÇлóÀÇ °í³ÀÇ ½Ã±âÀ̸ç, ¶¥ÀÇ Ç¥¸é°ú ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼ »ý¸íÀÌ °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁö´ø ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ±ä ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í
½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡, Áö±¸»ó¿¡´Â 10¸¸ Á¾ ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ý¸íü°¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °úµµ±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡´Â 5¹é Á¾ÀÌ Ã¤
¾È ³²¾Ò´Ù.
| This age was
one of great life impoverishment. Thousands of marine species perished,
and life was hardly yet established on land. This was a time of
biologic tribulation, the age when life nearly vanished from the
face of the earth and from the depths of the oceans. Toward the
close of the long marine-life era there were more than one hundred
thousand species of living things on earth. At the close of this
period of transition less than five hundred had survived. | |
59:6.3 ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î
½Ã±âÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº Áö±¸ÀÇ Áö°¢ÀÌ ½Ä°Å³ª È»ê È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾ø¾ú´ø Å¿ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, º¸Åë ¶§¿Í ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿µÇ⡪¹Ù´ÙÀÇ Á¦ÇÑ°ú
°Å´ëÇÑ À°ÁöÀÇ »ó½Â¡ªÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ °áÇÕ ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿ÂÈÇÑ Çؾ缺 ±âÈÄ´Â »ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´õ »ç³ª¿î ´ë·ú¼º ±âÈÄ´Â
ºü¸£°Ô ¹ß´ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| The peculiarities
of this new period were not due so much to the cooling of the earth's
crust or to the long absence of volcanic action as to an unusual
combination of commonplace and pre¡ªexisting influences¡ªrestrictions
of the seas and increasing elevation of enormous land masses. The
mild marine climate of former times was disappearing, and the harsher
continental type of weather was fast developing. | |
59:6.4
1¾ï 7õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ Áö±¸ÀÇ Àüü Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ¾öû³ ÁøÈÀû º¯È¿Í Á¶Á¤ÀÌ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¹Ù´ÚÀÌ °¡¶ó¾ÉÀ½¿¡
µû¶ó Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¶¥ÀÌ »ó½ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °í¸³µÈ »êµî¼ºÀ̵éÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ µ¿ºÎ´Â ¹Ù´Ù À§ ³ôÀº °÷¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù;
¼ºÎ´Â õõÈ÷ »ó½ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ë·úµéÀº Å©°í ÀÛÀº ¼Ò±Ý È£¼ö¿Í ÇØÇùÀ¸·Î ¹Ù´Ù¿Í ¿¬°áµÈ ¼ö¸¹Àº ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù·Î µ¤¿©
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °úµµ±âÀÇ ÁöÃþÀº µÎ²²°¡ 300m ~ 2,100m±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù.
| 170,000,000
years ago great evolutionary changes and adjustments were taking
place over the entire face of the earth. Land was rising all over
the world as the ocean beds were sinking. Isolated mountain ridges
appeared. The eastern part of North America was high above the sea;
the west was slowly rising. The continents were covered by great
and small salt lakes and numerous inland seas which were connected
with the oceans by narrow straits. The strata of this transition
period vary in thickness from 1,000 to 7,000 feet. | |
59:6.5 Áö±¸ÀÇ
Áö°¢Àº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À°Áö °íµµ¿¡¼ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô Á¢ÇôÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´À» ¿À·§µ¿¾È À̾î¿Â
´ë·úÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ À°Áö ´Ù¸®µéÀÌ »ç¶óÁø °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í´Â ´ë·úÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â¿´´Ù.
| The earth's
crust folded extensively during these land elevations. This was
a time of continental emergence except for the disappearance of
certain land bridges, including the continents which had so long
connected South America with Africa and North America with Europe.
| |
59:6.6 Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î
³»·úÀÇ È£¼ö¿Í ¹Ù´Ù´Â Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»¶ó°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °í¸³µÈ »ê°ú Áö¿ª ºùÇÏ°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í, ƯÈ÷ ³²¹Ý±¸¿¡ °ÉÄ£,
¿©·¯ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ÀÌ Áö¿ª ºùÇÏ°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î »ý±ä ºùÇÏÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº, »óÀ§ ¹× ÇÏÀ§ ¼®Åº ¸ÅÀå·® Áß¿¡¼µµ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
µÎ °¡Áö »õ·Î¿î ±âÈÄ ¿äÀΡªºùÇÏ ÀÛ¿ë°ú °ÇÁ¶¼º¡ªÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. Áö±¸¿¡¼ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ³ôÀº Áö¿ªÀº °ÇÁ¶ÇÏ°í ô¹ÚÇÑ ¶¥ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Gradually the
inland lakes and seas were drying up all over the world. Isolated
mountain and regional glaciers began to appear, especially over
the Southern Hemisphere, and in many regions the glacial deposit
of these local ice formations may be found even among some of the
upper and later coal deposits. Two new climatic factors appeared-glaciation
and aridity. Many of the earth's higher regions had become arid
and barren. | |
59:6.7 ±âÈÄ°¡
º¯ÈÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±â µ¿¾È, À°Áö ½Ä¹°¿¡¼µµ Å« º¯È°¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ¾¾¾Ñ½Ä¹°µéÀÌ Ã³À½ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ÀÌ ½Ä¹°Àº ³ªÁß¿¡ ´Ã¾î³
À°Áö µ¿¹° »ý¸í¿¡°Ô ´õ ÁÁÀº ½Ä·®À» °ø±ÞÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °ïÃæÀº ±Þ°ÝÇÑ º¯È¸¦ °Þ¾ú´Ù. ÈÞ½Ä ´Ü°è´Â °Ü¿ï°ú °¡¹³ µ¿¾È ÁߴܵÈ
»ý±âÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ÁøÈÇß´Ù.
| Throughout
these times of climatic change, great variations also occurred in
the land plants. The seed plants first appeared, and they afforded
a better food supply for the subsequently increased land-animal
life. The insects underwent a radical change. The resting stages
evolved to meet the demands of suspended animation during winter
and drought. | |
59:6.8 À°Áö µ¿¹°µé
Áß¿¡¼ °³±¸¸®µéÀº ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ ´ÞÇß°í, ºü¸£°Ô ¼èÅðÇßÁö¸¸, ¾ÆµæÇÏ°í ±Øµµ·Î Èûµç ½Ã±â¿¡ ¸»¶óºÙÀº ¿õµ¢ÀÌ¿Í ¿¬¸ø¿¡¼µµ
¿À·¡ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ¼èÅðÇÏ´Â °³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼, °³±¸¸®°¡ ÆÄÃæ·ù·Î ÁøÈÇϴ ù ¹ø°
´Ü°è°¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ¶¥µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¿¬°áµÇ¾úÀ¸´Ï±î, ÀÌ ÆÄÃæ·ù ÀÌÀü »ý¹°, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ °ø±â È£Èí µ¿¹°ÀÌ ¿Â ¼¼°è¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù.
À̶§°¡ µÇÀÚ, ´ë±â°¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹Ù²î¾î¼ µ¿¹°ÀÇ È£ÈíÀ» Áö¿øÇÒ ¸¸Å ³î¶ø°Ô µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÃæ·ù ÀÌÀüÀÇ °³±¸¸®°¡
µµÂøÇÑ µÚ¿¡ °ð, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â À¯·´, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ, ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÜÀýµÈ ä ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î °í¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Among the
land animals the frogs reached their climax in the preceding age
and rapidly declined, but they survived because they could long
live even in the drying-up pools and ponds of these far-distant
and extremely trying times. During this declining frog age, in Africa,
the first step in the evolution of the frog into the reptile occurred.
And since the land masses were still connected, this prereptilian
creature, an air breather, spread over all the world. By this time
the atmosphere had been so changed that it served admirably to support
animal respiration. It was soon after the arrival of these prereptilian
frogs that North America was temporarily isolated, cut off from
Europe, Asia, and South America. | |
59:6.9 ¹Ù´å¹°ÀÌ
Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î Â÷°¡¿öÁö´Â °ÍÀº ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°ÀÇ Æı«¿¡ Å©°Ô ±â¿©Çß´Ù. ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°µéÀº ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯¸®ÇÑ ¼¼ °÷ÀÇ
Àº½Åó¿¡¼ Çdzó¸¦ ã¾Ò´Ù: ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¸¸ Áö¿ª. ÀεµÀÇ °µÁö½º¸¸, ÁöÁßÇØ À¯¿ªÀÇ ½ÃÄ¥¸®¾Æ ¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¼¼ Áö¿ªÀÇ
¿ª°æ¿¡¼ ÅÂ¾î³ »õ·Î¿î Çؾç Á¾ÀÚµéÀÌ ¶°³ª°¡ ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ä¿ü´Ù.
| The gradual
cooling of the ocean waters contributed much to the destruction
of oceanic life. The marine animals of those ages took temporary
refuge in three favorable retreats: the present Gulf of Mexico region,
the Ganges Bay of India, and the Sicilian Bay of the Mediterranean
basin. And it was from these three regions that the new marine species,
born to adversity, later went forth to replenish the seas. | |
59:6.10
1¾ï 6õ¸¸ ³â Àü¸¸ Çصµ ÀÌ ¶¥Àº ÁÖ·Î À°Áö µ¿¹°µéÀÇ »îÀ» ÁöÅÊÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Ãʸñµé·Î µÚµ¤¿© ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´ë±â´Â µ¿¹°ÀÇ
È£Èí¿¡ ÀÌ»óÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. À̷νá ÇØ¾ç »ý¹° °¨¼ÒÀÇ ½Ã±â¿Í »ýÁ¸ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ñ »ý¸íÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ »ý¸íÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû
¿ª°æÀÇ ½ÃÇè ½Ã°£Àº ³¡ÀÌ ³µÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°Àº ÀÌÈÄ Ç༺ ÁøÈÀÇ ´õ¿í ºü¸£°Ô ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í °íµµ·Î Â÷º°ÈµÈ »ý¸íÀÇ
Á¶»óÀ¸·Î¼ È°µ¿ÇÒ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù.
| 160,000,000
years ago the land was largely covered with vegetation adapted to
support land-animal life, and the atmosphere had become ideal for
animal respiration. Thus ends the period of marine-life curtailment
and those testing times of biologic adversity which eliminated all
forms of life except such as had survival value, and which were
therefore entitled to function as the ancestors of the more rapidly
developing and highly differentiated life of the ensuing ages of
planetary evolution. | |
The ending
of this period of biologic tribulation, known to your students as
the Permian, also marks the end of the long Paleozoic era, which
covers one quarter of the planetary history, two hundred and fifty
million years. | ||
59:6.12 À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡
ÀÖ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ÇØ¾ç »ý¹° º¸È£¼Ò´Â ±× ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇß´Ù. À°Áö°¡ »ý¸í À¯Áö¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ±ä ¼¼¿ù µ¿¾È, ´ë±â¿¡ ³ôÀº
À°Áö µ¿¹°µéÀ» ÁöÅÊÇÒ ÃæºÐÇÑ »ê¼Ò°¡ Æ÷ÇԵDZâ Àü¿¡, ¹Ù´Ù´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ Ãʱ⠻ý¸íÀ» º¸»ìÇÇ°í Å°¿ü´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû
Á߿伺Àº µÎ ¹ø° ´Ü°èÀÇ ÁøÈ°¡ À°Áö¿¡ ÆîÃÄÁö±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¸é¼ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.
| The vast oceanic
nursery of life on Urantia has served its purpose. During the long
ages when the land was unsuited to support life, before the atmosphere
contained sufficient oxygen to sustain the higher land animals,
the sea mothered and nurtured the early life of the realm. Now the
biologic importance of the sea progressively diminishes as the second
stage of evolution begins to unfold on the land. | |
59:6.13 [³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ
ÇÑ »ý¸í ¿î¹ÝÀÚ°¡ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ±×´Â À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÈ ÃÖÃÊ ±º´ÜÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀÌ´Ù.]
| [Presented
by a Life Carrier of Nebadon, one of the original corps assigned
to Urantia.] |