| ||||||||
|
Á¦
61 Æí
| Paper 61
| |
61:0.1 Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°
½Ã´ë´Â ŹÝÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ ±â¿øÀ» °¡Áø ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ºùÇÏ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ³¡±îÁö À̾îÁö¸ç, 5 õ¸¸³âÀÌ Á¶±Ý ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.
| The era of
mammals extends from the times of the origin of placental mammals
to the end of the ice age, covering a little less than fifty million
years. | |
61:0.2 ÀÌ ½Å»ý´ë
µ¿¾È ¼¼°èÀÇ °æÄ¡´Â ¸¶À½¿¡ À̲ø¸®´Â ¸ð½À¡ª°æ»ç°¡ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ ¾ð´ö, ³ÐÀº °ñÂ¥±â, Æø ³ÐÀº °, Å« ½£¡ªÀ» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù. ÀÌ
±â°£¿¡ Æijª¸¶ ÁöÇùÀº µÎ ¹øÀ̳ª ¿Ã¶ó°¡°í ³»·Á°¬´Ù Çß°í, º£¸µ ÇØÇùÀÇ À°Áö ´Ù¸®µµ ¼¼ ¹øÀ̳ª ±×·¨´Ù. µ¿¹°ÀÇ Á¾·ù´Â
¸¹°íµµ ´Ù¾çÇß´Ù. ³ª¹«µéÀº »õµé·Î ¿ì±Û°Å·È°í, ÁøÈÇÏ´Â µ¿¹° Á¾ÀÚµéÀÇ ÆÐ±Ç ´ÙÅù¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í Àü ¼¼°è´Â µ¿¹°ÀÇ Ãµ±¹À̾ú´Ù.
| During this
Cenozoic age the world's landscape presented an attractive appearance-rolling
hills, broad valleys, wide rivers, and great forests. Twice during
this sector of time the Panama Isthmus went up and down; three times
Bering Strait land bridge did the same. The animal types were both
many and varied. The trees swarmed with birds, and the whole world
was an animal paradise, notwithstanding the incessant struggle of
the evolving animal species for supremacy. | |
61:0.3 ´Ù¼¸ ½Ã´ë·Î
±¸ºÐµÇ´Â 5õ¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÄ¡´Â ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°µéÀº ¿¬¼ÓµÈ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° ¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ È¼® ±â·ÏÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù·Î Àΰ£ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î
³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ½Ã±â±îÁö ¹Ù·Î À̾îÁø´Ù.
| The accumulated
deposits of the five periods of this fifty-million-year era contain
the fossil records of the successive mammalian dynasties and lead
right up through the times of the actual appearance of man himself. |
1. »õ·Î¿î ´ë·ú ´Ü°è : Ãʱâ Æ÷À¯ µ¿¹°ÀÇ ½Ã´ë 61:1.1 5õ¸¸ ³â Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ À°Áö Áö¿ªÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅÀÇ ¹° À§¿¡ Àְųª, ¾à°£¸¸ ¹° ¹Ø¿¡ Àá°Ü ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ÁöÃþ°ú ÅðÀû¹°Àº À°Áö¿Í ÇØ¾ç µÑ ´ÙÀÌÁö¸¸, ÁÖ·Î À°ÁöÀÌ´Ù. »ó´çÈ÷ ¿À·§µ¿¾È À°Áö°¡ Â÷ÃûÂ÷Ãû ³ô¾ÆÁ³Áö¸¸, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¶¥Àº ´õ ³·Àº Áö´ë¿Í ¹Ù´Ù ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹Ð·Á ³»·Á°¬´Ù. | 1. The New
Continental Land Stage 50,000,000 years ago the land areas of the world were very generally above water or only slightly submerged. The formations and deposits of this period are both land and marine, but chiefly land. For a considerable time the land gradually rose but was simultaneously washed down to the lower levels and toward the seas. | |
61:1.2 ÀÌ ½Ã±â
Ãʱâ¿Í ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ÅÂ¹Ý ÇüÅÂÀÇ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³µ°í, ±×°ÍµéÀº Áö±Ý±îÁö °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÁøÈÀû ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌÀü¿¡ ŹÝÀÌ ¾ø´Â Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° ¸ñ(ÙÍ)ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ÇüÅ´ °ø·æÀÇ ¼èÅð±â¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸é¼ °è¼Ó ³»·Á¿À´ø ±âÁ¸ÀÇ
ÆÄÃæ·ù Á¶»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢, °©Àڱ⠻ý°Ü³µ´Ù. Źݼº Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ Á¶»óÀº ÀÛ°í ¸Å¿ì È°µ¿ÀûÀ̸ç, À°½ÄÇÏ´Â, ²±Ãæ ¶Ù´Â
Á¾·ùÀÇ °ø·æÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Early in this
period and in North America the placental type of mammals suddenly
appeared, and they constituted the most important evolutionary development
up to this time. Previous orders of nonplacental mammals had existed,
but this new type sprang directly and suddenly from the pre-existent
reptilian ancestor whose descendants had persisted on down through
the times of dinosaur decline. The father of the placental mammals
was a small, highly active, carnivorous, springing type of dinosaur.
| |
61:1.3 ÀÌ ¿ø½Ã
Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° Á¾·ù¿¡¼ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ ±âº»Àû º»´ÉÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¡¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ µ¿¹°º¸´Ù
»ýÁ¸¿¡ Å« ÀÌÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù:
| Basic mammalian
instincts began to be manifested in these primitive mammalian types.
Mammals possess an immense survival advantage over all other forms
of animal life in that they can: | |
1. ºñ±³Àû ´Ù ÀÚ¶ó°í
Àß ¹ßÀ°µÈ »õ³¢¸¦ ³º´Â´Ù.
| Bring forth
relatively mature and well-developed offspring. | |
2. »õ³¢¿¡°Ô ¾ÖÁ¤À»
°¡Áö°í ¾çºÐÀ» ¸ÔÀÌ°í, º¸È£ÇÏ¸é¼ Å°¿î´Ù.
| Nourish, nurture,
and protect their offspring with affectionate regard. | |
3. ÀھƸ¦ Á¸¼Ó½ÃÅ°´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¿ì¼öÇÑ µÎ³ú·ÂÀ»
¾´´Ù.
| Employ their superior
brain power in self-perpetuation. | |
4. ÀûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Þ¾Æ³ª´Âµ¥ ´Ã¾î³ ¹Îø¼ºÀ»
È°¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
| Utilize increased agility
in escaping from enemies. | |
5. ȯ°æ Á¶Á¤ ¹× ÀûÀÀ¿¡ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Áö´ÉÀ»
¾´´Ù.
| Apply superior intelligence
to environmental adjustment and adaptation. | |
61:1.9
4õ 5¹é¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ´ë·úÀÇ ´É¼±Àº Çؾȼ±ÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ÀϹÝÀûÀΠħ¸ô°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© »ó½ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ »ý¸íÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ÁøÈÇÏ°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÛÀº ÆÄÃæ·ù, ¾ËÀ» ³º´Â Á¾·ùÀÇ Æ÷À¯·ù°¡ ¹ø¼ºÇß°í, ÈÄÀÏÀÇ Ä»°Å·ç Á¶»óÀº ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¸¦ ´©º³´Ù. ¾ó¸¶ ¾È
µÇ¾î, ÀÛÀº ¸», ¹ß ºü¸¥ ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò, ¿øÇü ¹ß ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò, ¿ø½Ã µÅÁö, ´Ù¶÷Áã, ¸®¸Ó[1], ÁÖ¸Ó´ÏÁã, ±×¸®°í ¿ø¼þÀÌ °°Àº
µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ¿©·¯ Áý´ÜÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀÛ°í, ¿ø½ÃÀûÀ̸ç, »êÁöÀÇ ½£¼Ó¿¡¼ »ì±â¿¡ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇß´Ù. Å« ŸÁ¶ °°Àº
À°Áö »õ°¡ 3mÀÇ Å°·Î ¹ß´ÞÇß°í, °¡·Î 23 Cm, ¼¼·Î 33 Cm Å©±âÀÇ ¾ËÀ» ³º¾Ò´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ¸Å¿ì Áö´ÉÀÌ ³ô¾Ò´ø,
±×¸®°í ÇѶ§ Àΰ£À» °øÁßÀ¸·Î ½Ç¾î ³ª¸£´ø °Å´ëÇÑ »õµéÀÇ Á¶»óÀ̾ú´Ù.
*[1] ¸®¸Ó : Lemur´Â ¿ì¸®¸»·Î ¿©¿ì¿ø¼þÀ̶ó ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿©¿ì¿ø¼þÀÌ¿Í ¿ø¼þÀÌ°¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ °ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇϹǷÎ, µÎ °¡Áö°¡ ÇÑ °ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ÀÇظ¦ ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ, ¿©¿ì¿ø¼þÀ̶ó°í Àû´Â´Ù. | 45,000,000
years ago the continental backbones were elevated in association
with a very general sinking of the coast lines. Mammalian life was
evolving rapidly. A small reptilian, egg-laying type of mammal flourished,
and the ancestors of the later kangaroos roamed Australia. Soon
there were small horses, fleet-footed rhinoceroses, tapirs with
proboscises, primitive pigs, squirrels, lemurs, opossums, and several
tribes of monkeylike animals. They were all small, primitive, and
best suited to living among the forests of the mountain regions.
A large ostrichlike land bird developed to a height of ten feet
and laid an egg nine by thirteen inches. These were the ancestors
of the later gigantic passenger birds that were so highly intelligent,
and that onetime transported human beings through the air. | |
61:1.10 Ãʱâ
½Å»ý´ëÀÇ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°Àº ¶¥, ¹° ¹Ø, °øÁß, ±×¸®°í ³ª¹« ²À´ë±â¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº 1½Ö¿¡¼ 11½ÖÀÇ À¯¹æ ¼±À» °¡Á³°í,
¸ðµÎ°¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ÅзΠµ¤¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¸ñ(ÙÍ)µé°ú °øÅëÀ¸·Î, ±×µéÀº µÎ ¹úÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓµÈ ÀÌ»¡À» ¹ß´Þ½ÃÄ×°í,
¸ö Å©±â¿¡ ºñÇØ Å« ³ú¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°Í µé Áß Çö´ë ÇüÅ´ Çϳªµµ ¾ø´Ù.
| The mammals
of the early Cenozoic lived on land, under the water, in the air,
and among the treetops. They had from one to eleven pairs of mammary
glands, and all were covered with considerable hair. In common with
the later appearing orders, they developed two successive sets of
teeth and possessed large brains in comparison to body size. But
among them all no modern forms existed. | |
61:1.11
4õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ºÏ¹Ý±¸ÀÇ À°Áö Áö¿ªÀÌ »ó½ÂÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß°í, ±× ÈÄ ¿ë¾Ï
È帧, µÚƲ¸², È£¼ö Çü¼º, ħ½Ä µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ À°Áö ħ½ÄÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ À°Áö È°µ¿ÀÌ À̾îÁ³´Ù.
| 40,000,000
years ago the land areas of the Northern Hemisphere began to elevate,
and this was followed by new extensive land deposits and other terrestrial
activities, including lava flows, warping, lake formation, and erosion. | |
61:1.12 ÀÌ ½Ã±â
ÈĹݿ¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯·´Àº ¹°¿¡ Àá°å´Ù. ¾à°£ÀÇ À°Áö »ó½Â ÈÄ¿¡ ´ë·úÀº È£¼ö¿Í ¸¸À¸·Î µÚµ¤¿´´Ù. ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â, ¿ì¶öÀÇ ÇÔ¸ôÀ»
°ÅÄ¡¸é¼ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î Èê·¯³ª¿Í ÁöÁßÇØ¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú°í, ¾ËÇÁ½º»ê¸ÆÀÇ °í¿ø, Ä«¸£ÆÄƼ¾Æ¤ý¾ÆÆä´Ñ¤ýÇÇ·¹³× »êµéÀº ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¼¶À¸·Î
¼ö¸é À§·Î ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù. Æijª¸¶ ÁöÇùÀº »ó½ÂÇß°í, ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾çÀº ºÐ¸®µÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â º£¸µ ÇØÇùÀÇ À°Áö ´Ù¸®¸¦
ÅëÇØ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú°í, ±×¸°¶õµå¿Í ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå¸¦ ÅëÇØ À¯·´°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÏÂÊ À§µµ¿¡¼ ÀÖ´Â À°ÁöÀÇ Áö±¸ ȸ·Î´Â
ºÏ±ØÇØ¿Í ÁöÁßÇظ¦ ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ¿ì¶ö ÇØÇù¿¡¼ ²÷¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| During the
latter part of this epoch most of Europe was submerged. Following
a slight land rise the continent was covered by lakes and bays.
The Arctic Ocean, through the Ural depression, ran south to connect
with the Mediterranean Sea as it was then expanded northward, the
highlands of the Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, and Pyrenees being
up above the water as islands of the sea. The Isthmus of Panama
was up; the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated. North America
was connected with Asia by the Bering Strait land bridge and with
Europe by way of Greenland and Iceland. The earth circuit of land
in northern latitudes was broken only by the Ural Straits, which
connected the arctic seas with the enlarged Mediterranean. | |
61:1.13 À¯°øÃæ(êóÍîõù)
¼®È¸¼®ÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀÌ À¯·´ ÇØ¿ª¿¡ ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®ÃþÀº ¾ËÇÁ½º¿¡¼ 3,000m, È÷¸»¶ó¾ß¿¡¼ 4,800m,
Ƽºª¿¡¼ 6,000mÀÇ ³ôÀÌ·Î ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ó ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ¹é¾Ç(ºÐÇÊ) ÅðÀû¹°Àº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾ÆÀÇ ¹Ù´å°¡¸¦
µû¶ó¼, ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼Çؾȿ¡¼, ±×¸®°í ¼Àεµ Á¦µµ ±Ùó¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.
| Considerable
foraminiferal limestone was deposited in European waters. Today
this same stone is elevated to a height of 10,000 feet in the Alps,
16,000 feet in the Himalayas, and 20,000 feet in Tibet. The chalk
deposits of this period are found along the coasts of Africa and
Australia, on the west coast of South America, and about the West
Indies. | |
61:1.14 À̸¥¹Ù
ÀÌ ½Ã½Å¼¼
±â°£¿¡ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° ¹× ±âŸ °ü°èµÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ »ý¸í ÁøÈ´Â ÀüÇô ÁߴܵÇÁö ¾Ê°í °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ
¸ðµç ´ë·ú°ú À°Áö·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú°í, ¼¼»óÀº Á¡Â÷ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿ø½Ã Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ³ÑÃijµ´Ù.
| Throughout
this so-called Eocene period the evolution of mammalian and other
related forms of life continued with little or no interruption.
North America was then connected by land with every continent except
Australia, and the world was gradually overrun by primitive mammalian
fauna of various types. |
2.
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ È«¼ö ´Ü°è 61:2.1 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº ÅÂ¹Ý Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ ´õ ¿À·¡ »¡¸® ÁøÈÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁö¸ç, Æ÷À¯·ù »ý¹°ÀÌ ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ´õ Áøº¸ÇÑ ÇüÅ¿´´Ù. | 2. The Recent
Flood Stage 61:2.1 This period was characterized by the further and rapid evolution of placental mammals, the more progressive forms of mammalian life developing during these times. | |
61:2.2 ÃʱâÀÇ
ÅÂ¹Ý Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°Àº À°½ÄÇÏ´Â ¼±Á¶·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼Ú¾Æ ³ª¿ÔÁö¸¸, °ðÀ̾î ä½ÄÇÏ´Â ºÎ·ùµéÀÌ ¹ß´ÞÇÏ¿´°í, ¿À·¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ Àâ½ÄÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯
Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°°ú(Ρ)µµ ¶ÇÇÑ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ¼Ó¾¾½Ä¹°µµ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ´Ã¾î³ª¼ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¸ÔÀÌ°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ½Ä¹°°ú ³ª¹«ÀÇ
´ë´Ù¼ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Çö´ëÀÇ À°»ó ½Ä¹°±ºÀÌ, ÀÌ Ãʱ⠱Ⱓ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
| Although the
early placental mammals sprang from carnivorous ancestors, very
soon herbivorous branches developed, and, erelong, omnivorous mammalian
families also sprang up. The angiosperms were the principal food
of the rapidly increasing mammals, the modern land flora, including
the majority of present-day plants and trees, having appeared during
earlier periods. | |
61:2.3
3õ5¹é¸¸ ³â Àü, ŹÝÀ» °¡Áø Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ» Á¤º¹ÇÏ´ø ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ³²ÂÊÀ» ÀÕ´Â À°ÁöÀÇ ´Ù¸®°¡ È®´ëµÇ¸é¼,
±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ °Å´ëÇÑ Å©±âÀÇ ³²±Ø ´ë·úÀ» ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¿Í ´Ù½Ã ¿¬°áÇÏ¿´´Ù. À§µµ°¡ ³ôÀº Áö¿ª¿¡¼
À°Áö°¡ µ¢¾î¸®¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°í Àִµ¥µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, ¿´ë¼º ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¾öû³ª°Ô È®ÀåµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¼¼°èÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ºñ±³Àû ¿ÂÈÇÑ
ä·Î ³²¾Ò°í, À°Áöµµ ºùÇϸ¦ ¸¸µé ¸¸Å ÃæºÐÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ³ô¾ÆÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ºùÇϸ¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿ë¾ÏÀÇ È帧ÀÌ
±×¸°¶õµå¿Í ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå¿¡¼ ÀϾ°í, ¾à°£ÀÇ ¼®ÅºÀÌ À̵é ÁöÃþ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÅðÀûµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| 35,000,000
years ago marks the beginning of the age of placental-mammalian
world domination. The southern land bridge was extensive, reconnecting
the then enormous Antarctic continent with South America, South
Africa, and Australia. In spite of the massing of land in high latitudes,
the world climate remained relatively mild because of the enormous
increase in the size of the tropic seas, nor was the land elevated
sufficiently to produce glaciers. Extensive lava flows occurred
in Greenland and Iceland, some coal being deposited between these
layers. | |
61:2.4 ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ
º¯È°¡ Ç༺ÀÇ µ¿¹°»ó¿¡¼ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù »ý¹°µéÀº Å« º¯È¸¦ °Þ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù; ¿À´Ã³¯ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇß°í,
À¯°øÃæÀº °è¼Ó Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çß´Ù. °ïÃæ »ý¸íÀº ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ °Í°ú ¹«Ã´ ºñ½ÁÇß´Ù. ÄݷζóµµÀÇ Ç÷θ®»êÆ® ȼ® ÁöÃþÀº
±î¸¶µæÇÑ ÀÌ ½ÃÀýÀÇ Èı⿡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ÇöÀç »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °ïÃæ Á¾·ùÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀÌ ½Ã±â·Î °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡Áö¸¸, ´ç½Ã¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´ø
´Ù¼ö´Â Áö±Ý ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾î ȼ®À¸·Î¸¸ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.
| Marked changes
were taking place in the fauna of the planet. The sea life was undergoing
great modification; most of the present-day orders of marine life
were in existence, and foraminifers continued to play an important
role. The insect life was much like that of the previous era. The
Florissant fossil beds of Colorado belong to the later years of
these far-distant times. Most of the living insect families go back
to this period, but many then in existence are now extinct, though
their fossils remain. | |
61:2.5 À°Áö¿¡¼
ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ Çõ½ÅÇÏ°í ÆØâÇÏ´ø ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ´õ ÀÏÂï ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´õ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° °¡¿îµ¥, 1¹éÀÌ
³Ñ´Â Á¾ÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡ ¸êÁ¾ÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¢Ä¡°¡ Å©°í µÎ³ú°¡ ÀÛÀº Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°Á¶Â÷ °ð »ç¶óÁ³´Ù. µÎ³ú¿Í ¹Îø¼ºÀÌ
µ¿¹°ÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²´Â Áøº¸¿¡¼ °©¿Ê°ú µ¢Ä¡¸¦ ´ëüÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ø·æ Á¾·ù°¡ ¼è¸ÁÇϸé¼, Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ ÃµÃµÈ÷ Áö±¸¸¦ Á¤º¹Çß°í,
³ª¸ÓÁö ÆÄÃæ·ù Á¶»óÀ» ºü¸£°í ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ¸êÁ¾½ÃÄ×´Ù.
| On land this
was pre-eminently the age of mammalian renovation and expansion.
Of the earlier and more primitive mammals, over one hundred species
were extinct before this period ended. Even the mammals of large
size and small brain soon perished. Brains and agility had replaced
armor and size in the progress of animal survival. And with the
dinosaur family on the decline, the mammals slowly assumed domination
of the earth, speedily and completely destroying the remainder of
their reptilian ancestors. | |
61:2.6 °ø·æÀÇ
¸êÁ¾°ú ÇÔ²², µµ¸¶¹ì Á¾·ù¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾¿¡¼ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö Å« º¯È°¡ ÀϾ´Ù. Ãʱâ ÆÄÃæ·ù Á¾·ù¿¡¼ »ì¾Æ³²Àº °¡Áö´Â
¹Ù´Ù°ÅºÏ¤ý¹ì¤ý¾Ç¾î¿Í ÇÔ²² À¯¼ ±íÀº °³±¸¸®´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½ÃÃÊ Á¶»óÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â, ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áý´ÜÀÌ´Ù.
| Along with
the disappearance of the dinosaurs, other and great changes occurred
in the various branches of the saurian family. The surviving members
of the early reptilian families are turtles, snakes, and crocodiles,
together with the venerable frog, the only remaining group representative
of man's earlier ancestors. | |
61:2.7 ´Ù¾çÇÑ
Æ÷À¯·ù Áý´ÜÀº ÇöÀç ¸êÁ¾µÈ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ µ¿¹°¿¡¼ À¯·¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ À°½Ä¼º »ý¹°Àº °í¾çÀÌ¿Í ¹°°³¸¦ ±³¹èÇÑ ÀâÁ¾ ºñ½ÁÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Âµ¥,
¶¥À̳ª ¹°¿¡¼ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¸Å¿ì ¿µ¸®ÇÏ°í È°¹ßÇß´Ù. À¯·´¿¡¼´Â °³°úÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ ÁøÈÇß°í, °ð ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÛÀº °³µéÀ»
³º¾Ò´Ù. ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ºñ¹ö¤ý´Ù¶÷Áã¤ý¶¥ ´Ù¶÷Áã¤ý»ýÁã¤ýÅä³¢¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, °¦¾Æ¸Ô´Â ¼³Ä¡·ùµéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í Áï½Ã ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ
»ý¸íÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±× ÀÌÈÄ ÀÌ °ú¿¡¼ °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹« º¯È°¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ Èıâ ÅðÀû¹°¿¡´Â Á¶»óµéÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÎ
°³¤ý°í¾çÀ̤ý³Ê±¸¸®¤ýÁ·Á¦ºñÀÇ È¼® À¯ÀûÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
| Various groups
of mammals had their origin in a unique animal now extinct. This
carnivorous creature was something of a cross between a cat and
a seal; it could live on land or in water and was highly intelligent
and very active. In Europe the ancestor of the canine family evolved,
soon giving rise to many species of small dogs. About the same time
the gnawing rodents, including beavers, squirrels, gophers, mice,
and rabbits, appeared and soon became a notable form of life, very
little change having since occurred in this family. The later deposits
of this period contain the fossil remains of dogs, cats, coons,
and weasels in ancestral form. | |
61:2.8
3õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ Çö´ëÀÇ Æ÷À¯·ùµéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ »ê¿¡¼ »ç´Â Á¾·ù¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ´ëü·Î ¾ð´ö¿¡¼
»ì¾Ò´Ù. °©Àڱ⠹ßÅéÀ» °¡Áø À°½Ä Á¾°ú ±¸º°µÇ´Â ÃÊ¿øÀ̳ª ¹ß±Á ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹æ¸ñ Á¾ÀÌ ÁøÈÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ Ç® ¶â´Â µ¿¹°Àº
´Ù¼¸ °³ÀÇ ¹ß°¡¶ô°ú 44°³ÀÇ ÀÌ»¡À» °¡Áø, ºÐȵÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¶»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³µ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ Á¶»óµéÀº ±× ½Ã´ë°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡
¸ê¸ÁÇß´Ù. ¹ß°¡¶ôÀÇ ÁøÈ´Â ÀÌ ±â°£ ³»³» ¼¼ ¹ß°¡¶ô ´Ü°è¸¦ ³Ñ¾î Áøº¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| 30,000,000
years ago the modern types of mammals began to make their appearance.
Formerly the mammals had lived for the greater part in the hills,
being of the mountainous types; suddenly there began the evolution
of the plains or hoofed type, the grazing species, as differentiated
from the clawed flesh eaters. These grazers sprang from an undifferentiated
ancestor having five toes and forty-four teeth, which perished before
the end of the age. Toe evolution did not progress beyond the three-toed
stage throughout this period. | |
61:2.9 ¸»Àº ÁøÈÀÇ
¶Ù¾î³ ½Ç·ÊÀ̸ç, ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´, ¾çÂÊ¿¡¼ »ì¾ÒÁö¸¸, Èı⠺ùÇÏ ½Ã´ë±îÁö ÃæºÐÈ÷ ³¡³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ
½Ã±â¿¡ ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò Á¾·ù°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÁö¸¸, ±× ÈÄ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ È®Àå±â¸¦ °ÅÃÆ´Ù. µÅÁö °°Àº ÇÑ ÀÛÀº »ý¹°µµ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿©·¯
Á¾ÀÇ µÅÁö¿Í ¸äµÅÁö¿Í Çϸ¶ÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³«Å¸¿Í ¶ó¸¶´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±â Á߹ݿ¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í, ¼ÂÊ Æò¿ø¿¡¼
±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ¶ó¸¶´Â ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î, ³«Å¸´Â À¯·´À¸·Î ¿Å°Ü °¬À¸¸ç, °ð µÎ °¡Áö°¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ³«Å¸´Â ºùÇÏ ½Ã´ë±îÁö »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù.
| The horse,
an outstanding example of evolution, lived during these times in
both North America and Europe, though his development was not fully
completed until the later ice age. While the rhinoceros family appeared
at the close of this period, it underwent its greatest expansion
subsequently. A small hoglike creature also developed which became
the ancestor of the many species of swine, peccaries, and hippopotamuses.
Camels and llamas had their origin in North America about the middle
of this period and overran the western plains. Later, the llamas
migrated to South America, the camels to Europe, and soon both were
extinct in North America, though a few camels survived up to the
ice age. | |
61:2.10 ÀÌ ¹«·Æ
ºÏ¹Ì ¼ºÎ¿¡¼ ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ »ý°å´Ù. °í´ë ¸®¸ÓÀÇ Ãʱâ Á¶»óÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÀÌ °ú(Ρ)´Â Âü ¸®¸Ó·Î °£ÁÖ
µÉ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ µîÀåÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ »ý°Ü³ Âü ¸®¸ÓÀÇ Ç÷ÅëÀÇ È®¸³À» Ç¥½ÃÇß´Ù.
| About this
time a notable thing occurred in western North America: The early
ancestors of the ancient lemurs first made their appearance. While
this family cannot be regarded as true lemurs, their coming marked
the establishment of the line from which the true lemurs subsequently
sprang. | |
61:2.11 ¹Ù´Ù¸¦
ÇâÇØ °¬´ø ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ À°Áö ¹ìµéó·³, ÀÌÁ¦ ÅÂ¹Ý Æ÷À¯·ù Áý´Ü Àüü°¡ À°Áö¸¦ ¶°³ª ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í
À̰͵éÀº ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ³²¾Æ¼ Çö´ëÀÇ °í·¡¤ýµ¹°í·¡¤ý¾Ë¶ôµ¹°í·¡¤ý¹°°³¤ý¹Ù´Ù»çÀÚ¸¦ ³º¾Ò´Ù.
| Like the land
serpents of a previous age which betook themselves to the seas,
now a whole tribe of placental mammals deserted the land and took
up their residence in the oceans. And they have ever since remained
in the sea, yielding the modern whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals,
and sea lions. | |
61:2.12 Ç༺¿¡¼
Á¶·ù´Â ÁÙ°ð ¹ß´ÞÇßÁö¸¸, Áß¿äÇÑ ÁøÈÀû º¯È´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. °¥¸Å±â¤ý¿Ö°¡¸®¤ýÇöó¹Ö°í¤ý´ë¸Ó¸®¼ö¸®¤ý¸Å¤ýµ¶¼ö¸®¤ýºÎ¾ûÀ̤ý¸ÞÃ߶ó±â¤ýŸÁ¶¸¦
Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, Çö´ë¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »õµéÀÇ ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù.
| The bird life
of the planet continued to develop, but with few important evolutionary
changes. The majority of modern birds were existent, including gulls,
herons, flamingoes, buzzards, falcons, eagles, owls, quails, and
ostriches. | |
61:2.13
1õ¸¸ ³âÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÌ Á¡½Å¼¼°¡
³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ, ÇØ¾ç »ý¹°°ú À°Áö µ¿¹°°ú ÇÔ²², ½Ä¹° »ý¸íÀº ¾ÆÁÖ Å©°Ô ÁøÈÇß°í, ¿À´Ã³¯°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô Áö±¸»ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù.
ÈÄ¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ºÐÈ°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÁö¸¸, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ý¹°ÀÇ Á¶»ó ÇüÅ´ ±×¶§ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| By the close
of this Oligocene period, covering ten million years, the plant
life, together with the marine life and the land animals, had very
largely evolved and was present on earth much as today. Considerable
specialization has subsequently appeared, but the ancestral forms
of most living things were then alive. |
3.
Çö´ëÀÇ »ê ´Ü°è 61:3.1 À°Áö°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ºÐ¸®µÈ °ÍÀº ¼¼È÷ ¼¼°èÀÇ ³¯¾¾¸¦ º¯È½ÃÅ°°í Á¡Â÷ ¼´ÃÇÏ°Ô ÇßÁö¸¸, ±âÈÄ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ÂÈÇß´Ù. ¼¼ÄõÀÌ¾Æ¿Í ¸ñ·ÃÀº ±×¸°¶õµå¿¡¼ ÀÚ¶úÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¿´ë ½Ä¹°µéÀº ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ª°¥ ¹«·Æ, ÀÌ µûµíÇÑ ±âÈÄÀÇ ½Ä¹°°ú ³ª¹«µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ºÏÂÊ À§µµ¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁ³°í, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¸®´Â ´õ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ ½Ä¹°°ú ³«¿±¼öµéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇß´Ù. | 3. The Modern
Mountain Stage Land elevation and sea segregation were slowly changing the world's weather, gradually cooling it, but the climate was still mild. Sequoias and magnolias grew in Greenland, but the subtropical plants were beginning to migrate southward. By the end of this period these warm-climate plants and trees had largely disappeared from the northern latitudes, their places being taken by more hardy plants and the deciduous trees. | |
61:3.2 Ç®ÀÇ Á¾·ù°¡
Å©°Ô Áõ°¡Çß°í, ¸¹Àº Æ÷À¯µ¿¹° Á¾µéÀÇ ÀÌ»¡Àº ÇöÀçÀÇ Ç® ¶â´Â Á¾·ù¿Í °°Àº ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î Á¡Â÷ º¯ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù.
| There was a
great increase in the varieties of grasses, and the teeth of many
mammalian species gradually altered to conform to the present-day
grazing type. | |
61:3.3
2õ5¹é¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ¿À·£ ±â°£ À°Áö°¡ ¼ÚÀº ÈÄ¿¡, À°Áö°¡ Á¶±Ý ¹°¿¡ Àá°å´Ù. ·ÎÅ°»ê¸Æ Áö¿ªÀº ³ôÀÌ ¼ÚÀº ä·Î ÀÖ¾î¼,
ħ½ÄµÈ ¹°ÁúÀÇ ÅðÀûÀº µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ³·Àº ¶¥ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃļ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½Ã¿¡¶ó »ê¸ÆÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ù½Ã ¼Ú¾Ò°í, »ç½ÇÀº ±× µÚ·Î
´Ã ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ 6.4km¿¡ À̸£´Â Å« ¼öÁ÷ ´ÜÃþÀº ÀÌ ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ À¯·¡ÇÑ´Ù.
| 25,000,000
years ago there was a slight land submergence following the long
epoch of land elevation. The Rocky Mountain region remained highly
elevated so that the deposition of erosion material continued throughout
the lowlands to the east. The Sierras were well re-elevated; in
fact, they have been rising ever since. The great four-mile vertical
fault in the California region dates from this time. | |
61:3.4
2õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡´Â Á¤¸»·Î Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ È²±Ý±â¿´´Ù. º£¸µ ÇØÇùÀÇ À°Áö ´Ù¸®°¡ ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô°í, ¾ö´Ï(»ó¾Æ)°¡ ³× °³ ÀÖ´Â ¸¶½ºÅäµ·,
´Ù¸® ªÀº ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò, ±×¸®°í °í¾çÀÌ °ú(Ρ)ÀÇ ¿©·¯ º¯Á¾À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ¸¹Àº Áý´ÜÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î ÀÌÁÖÇß´Ù.
| 20,000,000
years ago was indeed the golden age of mammals. Bering Strait land
bridge was up, and many groups of animals migrated to North America
from Asia, including the four-tusked mastodons, short-legged rhinoceroses,
and many varieties of the cat family. | |
61:3.5 ÃÖÃÊÀÇ
»ç½¿ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â °ð ¹ÝÃß µ¿¹°¡ª»ç½¿¤ý¼Ò¤ý³«Å¸¤ýµé¼Ò, ±×¸®°í ¸î¸î Á¾ÀÇ ÄÚ»Ô¼Ò¡ªµéÀÌ ³ÑÃijµÁö¸¸, Å°°¡
1.8m ³Ñ´Â Å« µÅÁö´Â ¸êÁ¾Çß´Ù.
| The first
deer appeared, and North America was soon overrun by ruminants-deer,
oxen, camels, bison, and several species of rhinoceroses-but the
giant pigs, more than six feet tall, became extinct. | |
61:3.6 ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿Í
±× ÀÌÈÄÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ÄÚ³¢¸®´Â Å« ¸ö»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Å« µÎ³ú¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çߴµ¥, ±×µéÀº °ð È£ÁÖ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ ³ÑÃÆ´Ù. ÇѶ§
¼¼°è´Â °è¼Ó »ì¾Æ³²±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÒ Á¤µµÀÇ Å« µÎ³ú¸¦ °¡Áø °Å´ëÇÑ µ¿¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áö´ÉÀûÀÎ »ý¸í°ú
Á÷¸éÇßÀ» ¶§, ÄÚ³¢¸® Á¤µµ Å©±âÀÇ µ¿¹°ÀÌ Å©°í ¿ì¼öÇÑ ÁúÀÇ ³ú¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é »ì¾Æ³²À» ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö´É°ú
ÀûÀÀ ¸é¿¡¼, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸»ÀÌ ÄÚ³¢¸®¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇß°í, ¹Ù·Î »ç¶÷¸¸ÀÌ ÄÚ³¢¸®¸¦ ´É°¡Çß´Ù. ±×·¸±â´Â Çصµ, ÀÌ ½Ã±â ÃÊâ±â¿¡ »ýÁ¸Çß´ø
50Á¾ÀÇ ÄÚ³¢¸® Áß °Ü¿ì µÎ Á¾¸¸ÀÌ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù.
| The huge elephants
of this and subsequent periods possessed large brains as well as
large bodies, and they soon overran the entire world except Australia.
For once the world was dominated by a huge animal with a brain sufficiently
large to enable it to carry on. Confronted by the highly intelligent
life of these ages, no animal the size of an elephant could have
survived unless it had possessed a brain of large size and superior
quality. In intelligence and adaptation the elephant is approached
only by the horse and is surpassed only by man himself. Even so,
of the fifty species of elephants in existence at the opening of
this period, only two have survived. | |
61:3.7
1õ 5¹é¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ À¯¶ó½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »ê¾ÇÁö´ë°¡ »ó½ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ Áö¿ª Àüü¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¾à°£ÀÇ È»ê È°µ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼
¹ß»ýÇÑ ¿ë¾ÏÀÇ È帧°ú ÇÊÀûÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ¾ÈÇÑ »óȲÀº ¿Â ¼¼°è¿¡ ¸¸¿¬Çß´Ù.
| 15,000,000
years ago the mountain regions of Eurasia were rising, and there
was some volcanic activity throughout these regions, but nothing
comparable to the lava flows of the Western Hemisphere. These unsettled
conditions prevailed all over the world. | |
61:3.8 Áöºê·ÑÅÍ
ÇØÇùÀÌ ¸·Çû°í, ½ºÆäÀÎÀº ¿À·¡µÈ À°Áö ´Ù¸®·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÁöÁßÇØ´Â ÇÁ¶û½º Àü¿ªÀ¸·Î »¸¾î ÀÖ´Â Á¼Àº
ÇØÇùÀ» ÅëÇØ ´ë¼¾çÀ¸·Î Èê·¯µé¾ú°í, »êºÀ¿ì¸®¿Í °íÁöµéÀº ÀÌ °í´ëÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡¼ ¼¶Ã³·³ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡, ÀÌ À¯·´ÀÇ
¹Ù´Ù´Â ¹°·¯³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÁöÁßÇØ´Â ÈÄ¿¡ Àεµ¾ç°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÇÑÆí ÀÌ ½Ã±â ¸»¿¡ ¼ö¿¡Áî Áö¿ªÀº »ó½ÂÇÏ¿©
ÁöÁßÇØ´Â Çѵ¿¾È ³»·úÀÇ ¼Ò±Ý ¹Ù´Ù°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| The Strait
of Gibraltar closed, and Spain was connected with Africa by the
old land bridge, but the Mediterranean flowed into the Atlantic
through a narrow channel which extended across France, the mountain
peaks and highlands appearing as islands above this ancient sea.
Later on, these European seas began to withdraw. Still later, the
Mediterranean was connected with the Indian Ocean, while at the
close of this period the Suez region was elevated so that the Mediterranean
became, for a time, an inland salt sea. | |
61:3.9 ¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå
À°Áö ´Ù¸®°¡ ¹°¿¡ Àá°å°í, ºÏ±ØÇØ´Â ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÇÕ·ùÇß´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ë¼¾ç ¿¬¾ÈÀº ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ½Ä¾úÁö¸¸, ÅÂÆò¾ç ÇؾÈÀº
ÇöÀ纸´Ù ´õ µûµíÇÑ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇß´Ù. °Å´ëÇÑ ÇØ·ù´Â ¿À´Ã³¯°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í ±âÈÄ¿¡µµ ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.
| The Iceland
land bridge submerged, and the arctic waters commingled with those
of the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic coast of North America rapidly
cooled, but the Pacific coast remained warmer than at present. The
great ocean currents were in function and affected climate much
as they do today. | |
61:3.10 Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°
»ý¸íÀº °è¼ÓÇؼ ÁøÈÇß´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼ÂÊ Æò¿ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³«Å¸µé°ú °Å´ëÇÑ ¸» ¶¼°¡ ÇÕ·ùÇÏ¿´´Ù; À̶§´Â Á¤¸»·Î ÄÚ³¢¸®¿Í
¸»ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ¸»ÀÇ µÎ³ú´Â µ¿¹°ÀÇ ÁúÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼ ÄÚ³¢¸®ÀÇ µÎ³ú¿¡ ¹ö±Ý°¡Áö¸¸, ÇÑ °¡Áö Á¡¿¡¼, ³î¶úÀ» ¶§ µµ¸ÁÄ¡´Â
»Ñ¸® ±íÀº ¼ºÇâÀ» °áÄÚ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±Øº¹ÇÏÁö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ¸»Àº È®½ÇÈ÷ ¿µîÇÏ´Ù. ¸»Àº ÄÚ³¢¸®Ã³·³ Á¤¼Àû ÅëÁ¦·ÂÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ
¹Ý¸é ÄÚ³¢¸®´Â Å©±â°¡ Å©°í ¹Îø¼ºÀÇ ºÎÁ·À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Å« Àå¾Ö¸¦ °Þ´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ÄÚ³¢¸®¿Í ¸»°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ µ¿¹°ÀÌ ÁøÈÇßÁö¸¸,
±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °í¾çÀÌ °ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ð ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Mammalian
life continued to evolve. Enormous herds of horses joined the camels
on the western plains of North America; this was truly the age of
horses as well as of elephants. The horse's brain is next in animal
quality to that of the elephant, but in one respect it is decidedly
inferior, for the horse never fully overcame the deep-seated propensity
to flee when frightened. The horse lacks the emotional control of
the elephant, while the elephant is greatly handicapped by size
and lack of agility. During this period an animal evolved which
was somewhat like both the elephant and the horse, but it was soon
destroyed by the rapidly increasing cat family. | |
61:3.11 À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ°¡
À̸¥¹Ù ¡°¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ½Ã´ë¡±·Î µé¾î°¡°í ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È, ³ÊÈñ´Â ÀÌ µ¿¹°ÀÌ ³ÊÈñ Á¶»ó¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² Àǹ̿´´ÂÁö Àá½Ã ¸ØÃß°í °õ°õÀÌ
»ý°¢ÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº óÀ½¿¡ ¸»À» À½½ÄÀ¸·Î, ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¿©Çà¿¡, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ³ó¾÷°ú ÀüÀï¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ¸»Àº ¿À·£
¼¼¿ù Àηù¿¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇØ ¿Ô°í, Àηù ¹®¸íÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇØ¿Ô´Ù.
| As Urantia
is entering the so-called "horseless age," you should
pause and ponder what this animal meant to your ancestors. Men first
used horses for food, then for travel, and later in agriculture
and war. The horse has long served mankind and has played an important
part in the development of human civilization. | |
61:3.12 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
»ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¹ßÀüÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ´ÙÀ½ ÃâÇöÀ» À§ÇÑ ¹«´ë ¼³Á¤¿¡ ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ Çß´Ù. Á߾Ӿƽþƿ¡¼ ¿ø¼þÀÌ¿Í °í¸±¶óÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇüÅ´Â
°øÅëÀÇ Á¶»óÀ» °¡Áö°í ÁøÈÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç´Â ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Á¾µé °¡¿îµ¥ ¾î´À °Íµµ, ³ªÁß¿¡ ÀηùÀÇ Á¶»óÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï
¿¹Á¤µÈ »ý¹°ÀÇ Ç÷Åë°ú °ü·ÃµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
| The biologic
developments of this period contributed much toward the setting
of the stage for the subsequent appearance of man. In central Asia
the true types of both the primitive monkey and the gorilla evolved,
having a common ancestor, now extinct. But neither of these species
is concerned in the line of living beings which were, later on,
to become the ancestors of the human race. | |
61:3.13 °³ °ú(Ρ)´Â
¿©·¯ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ´ëÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ´Á´ë¿Í ¿©¿ì¿´´Ù; °í¾çÀÌ Áý´ÜÀº Ç¥¹ü, ±×¸®°í Ä®À̸¦ °¡Áø Å« È£¶ûÀÌ°¡ ´ëÇ¥Çß°í,
ÈÄÀÚ´Â ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ÁøÈÇß´Ù. Çö´ëÀÇ °í¾çÀÌ °ú(Ρ)¿Í °³ °ú(Ρ)´Â ÇÔ²² Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö°¡ Áõ°¡Çß´Ù.
Á·Á¦ºñ¤ý´ãºñ¤ý¼ö´Þ¤ý³Ê±¸¸®´Â ºÏºÎ À§µµ¿¡¼ ¹ø¼ºÇÏ°í ¹ß´ÞÇß´Ù.
| The dog family
was represented by several groups, notably wolves and foxes; the
cat tribe, by panthers and large saber-toothed tigers, the latter
first evolving in North America. The modern cat and dog families
increased in numbers all over the world. Weasels, martins, otters,
and raccoons thrived and developed throughout the northern latitudes.
| |
61:3.14 »õµéÀº
°è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ÁøÈÇßÁö¸¸ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ º¯È´Â °ÅÀÇ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÆÄÃæ·ùµµ Çö´ëÀÇ ºÎ·ù¿Í¡ª¹ì¤ý¾Ç¾î¤ý¹Ù´Ù°ÅºÏ°ú¡ªºñ½ÁÇß´Ù.
| Birds continued
to evolve, though few marked changes occurred. Reptiles were similar
to modern types-snakes, crocodiles, and turtles. | |
61:3.15 ÀÌ·¸°Ô
¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ »ç°ÇÀÌ ¸¹°í Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´ø ½Ã±â°¡ ¸·À» ³»·È´Ù. ÄÚ³¢¸®¿Í ¸»ÀÇ ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â Á߽ż¼¶ó°í
¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| Thus drew
to a close a very eventful and interesting period of the world's
history. This age of the elephant and the horse is known as the
Miocene. |
4. The Recent
Continental-Elevation Stage This is the period of preglacial land elevation
in North America, Europe, and Asia. The land was greatly altered
in topography. Mountain ranges were born, streams changed their
courses, and isolated volcanoes broke out all over the world.
| ||
61:4.2
1õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ´ë·úÀÇ ÀúÁö´ë¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ª ¶¥ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ³ªÁß¿¡
Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã À¯·´ÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀº ¿µ±¹¤ýº§±â¿¡¤ýÇÁ¶û½º¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ À¯·´ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹° ¹Ø¿¡ Àá°Ü ÀÖ¾ú°í,
ÁöÁßÇØ´Â ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» µ¤°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼´Â »ê±â½¾, È£¼ö, Å« ºÐÁö¿¡¼ ±¤´ëÇÑ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù.
ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°µéÀº Æò±Õ ¾à 60mÀÌ°í, »ö±òµµ ´Ù¼Ò ÀÖ°í, ȼ®Àº µå¹°´Ù. ºÏ¹Ì ¼ºÎ¿¡´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¹Î¹° È£¼ö°¡
Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. ½Ã¿¡¶ó »ê¸ÆÀº ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, »þ½ºÅ¸¤ýÈĵå¤ý·¹À̴Ͼî´Â »êÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÈÄÀÏÀÇ
ºùÇϱⰡ µÉ ¶§±îÁö ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ´ë¼¾çÀÇ Ä§¸ôÀ» ÇâÇØ ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| 10,000,000
years ago began an age of widespread local land deposits on the
lowlands of the continents, but most of these sedimentations were
later removed. Much of Europe, at this time, was still under water,
including parts of England, Belgium, and France, and the Mediterranean
Sea covered much of northern Africa. In North America extensive
depositions were made at the mountain bases, in lakes, and in the
great land basins. These deposits average only about two hundred
feet, are more or less colored, and fossils are rare. Two great
fresh-water lakes existed in western North America. The Sierras
were elevating; Shasta, Hood, and Rainier were beginning their mountain
careers. But it was not until the subsequent ice age that North
America began its creep toward the Atlantic depression. | |
61:4.3 ªÀº ½Ã°£
µ¿¾È È£ÁÖ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸ðµç À°Áö°¡ ´Ù½Ã ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú°í, ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼¼°èÀû ´ëÀ̵¿ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â
³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ´Ù ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú°í, µ¿¹° »ý¸íÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¿Õ·¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³ª¹«´Ãº¸¤ý¾Æ¸£¸¶µô·Î¤ý¿µ¾ç¤ý°õÀÌ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î
µé¾î°¬°í, ÇÑÆí ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ³«Å¸´Â Áß±¹À¸·Î °¬´Ù. ÄڻԼҴ ȣÁÖ¿Í ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ Àü ¼¼°è·Î ÀÌÁÖÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ
½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼ ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| For a short
time all the land of the world was again joined excepting Australia,
and the last great world-wide animal migration took place. North
America was connected with both South America and Asia, and there
was a free exchange of animal life. Asiatic sloths, armadillos,
antelopes, and bears entered North America, while North American
camels went to China. Rhinoceroses migrated over the whole world
except Australia and South America, but they were extinct in the
Western Hemisphere by the close of this period. | |
61:4.4 ´ëü·Î,
¾Õ¼± ½Ã±âÀÇ »ý¸íÀº °è¼ÓÇؼ ÁøÈÇÏ°í ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. °í¾çÀÌ °ú(Ρ)°¡ µ¿¹° »ý¸íÀ» Áö¹èÇß°í, ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº °ÅÀÇ Á¤Ã¼
»óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸¹Àº ¸»µéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¼¼ ¹ß°¡¶ôÀ̾úÁö¸¸, Çö´ë½Ä ¸»µéÀÌ µµÂøÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶ó¸¶, ±×¸®°í ±â¸° °°Àº ³«Å¸°¡
Ç®¹çÀÇ ¸»µé°ú ¼¯¿´´Ù. ±â¸°Àº Áö±Ýó·³ ±ä ¸ñÀ» °¡Áö°í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼´Â ³ª¹«´Ãº¸¤ý¾Æ¸£¸¶µô·Î¤ý°³¹ÌÇÓ±â,
±×¸®°í ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿ø½Ã ¿ø¼þÀ̵éÀÌ ÁøÈÇß´Ù. ´ë·úµéÀÌ ¸¶Ä§³» °í¸³µÇ±â Àü¿¡, ±× °Å´ëÇÑ µ¿¹°µé, ¸¶½ºÅäµ·Àº
È£ÁÖ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç °÷À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇß´Ù.
| In general,
the life of the preceding period continued to evolve and spread.
The cat family dominated the animal life, and marine life was almost
at a standstill. Many of the horses were still three-toed, but the
modern types were arriving; llamas and giraffelike camels mingled
with the horses on the grazing plains. The giraffe appeared in Africa,
having just as long a neck then as now. In South America sloths,
armadillos, anteaters, and the South American type of primitive
monkeys evolved. Before the continents were finally isolated, those
massive animals, the mastodons, migrated everywhere except to Australia.
| |
61:4.5
500¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ÀÌ ¸»Àº ÇöÀç¿Í °°ÀÌ ÁøÈÇÏ¿© ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ Àü ¼¼°è·Î ÀÌÁÖÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¸»Àº È«ÀÎÀÌ µµÂøÇϱâ
ÈξÀ Àü¿¡ ±× ±â¿øÀÌ ÀÖ´ø ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| 5,000,000
years ago the horse evolved as it now is and from North America
migrated to all the world. But the horse had become extinct on the
continent of its origin long before the red man arrived. | |
61:4.6 ±âÈÄ´Â
Â÷Ãû Ãß¿öÁö°í, À°Áö ½Ä¹°Àº õõÈ÷ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºÏÂÊ ÁöÇù À§·Î µ¿¹°ÀÇ ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ ¸·Àº °ÍÀº, óÀ½¿¡´Â
ºÏÂÊ¿¡¼ ½ÉÇØÁö´Â ÃßÀ§¿´´Ù. ±× µÚ¿¡ ÀÌ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« À°Áö ´Ù¸®°¡ °¡¶ó¾É¾Ò´Ù. ±× µÚ¿¡ °ð ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« »çÀÌÀÇ
À°Áö ¿¬°áÀº °á±¹ ¹°¿¡ Àá°å°í, ¼¹Ý±¸´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »óÅÂ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô °í¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±âºÎÅÍ µ¿¹Ý±¸¿Í ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ
À¯ÇüÀÇ »ý¸íÀÌ ¹ß´ÞÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
| The climate
was gradually getting cooler; the land plants were slowly moving
southward. At first it was the increasing cold in the north that
stopped animal migrations over the northern isthmuses; subsequently
these North American land bridges went down. Soon afterwards the
land connection between Africa and South America finally submerged,
and the Western Hemisphere was isolated much as it is today. From
this time forward distinct types of life began to develop in the
Eastern and Western Hemispheres. | |
61:4.7 ÀÌ·¸°Ô
Çؼ °ÅÀÇ 1õ¸¸ ³âÀÇ ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ª°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶»óÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦ º¸Åë ¼±½Å¼¼¶ó°í
ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
| And thus does
this period of almost ten million years' duration draw to a close,
and not yet has the ancestor of man appeared. This is the time usually
designated as the Pliocene. |
61:5.1 ÀÌÀü ±â°£ÀÌ ³¡³ª°¥ ¹«·Æ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ºÏµ¿ºÎ¿Í ºÏÀ¯·´ÀÇ ¶¥Àº ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ±Ô¸ð·Î »ó´çÈ÷ ³ô¾ÆÁ³°í, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ±¤´ëÇÑ Áö¿ªµéÀº 9,000m±îÁö ´õ ³ô¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ÀÌ ºÏÂÊ Áö¿ª¿¡ ¿ÂÈÇÑ ±âÈÄ°¡ Áö¹èÇß°í, ºÏ±ØÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ¸ðµÎ Áõ¹ßÇϵµ·Ï ¿·Á ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ºùÇϱⰡ °ÅÀÇ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö ¾óÀ½ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. | 5. The Early Ice Age By the close of the preceding period the lands of the northeastern part of North America and of northern Europe were highly elevated on an extensive scale, in North America vast areas rising up to 30,000 feet and more. Mild climates had formerly prevailed over these northern regions, and the arctic waters were all open to evaporation, and they continued to be ice-free until almost the close of the glacial period. | |
61:5.2 ÀÌ·¸°Ô
À°Áö°¡ ¿Ã¶ó¿À´Â °Í°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´ë¾çÀÇ ÇØ·ù°¡ ¹Ù²î¾ú°í, °èÀýdzÀÌ ¹æÇâÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¶°ÇµéÀº °á±¹ ºÏÂÊÀÇ °íÁö¿¡
¹«°Ì°Ô Á¥¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ë±âÀÇ À̵¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ½ÀÇÑ ºñ¸¦ ³»¸®°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ³ô°í ¼´ÃÇÑ ÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡ ´«ÀÌ ³»¸®±â
½ÃÀÛÇß°í, ±íÀÌ°¡ 6,000m¿¡ À̸¦ ¶§±îÁö ´«ÀÌ °è¼Ó ³»·È´Ù. ´«ÀÌ °¡Àå ±íÀÌ ½×ÀÎ Áö¿ªÀº, °íµµ¿Í ÇÔ²², ³ªÁß¿¡
±× ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºùÇÏ°¡ À̵¿ÇÏ´Â Áß½ÉÁ¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ½ÉÇÑ °¼³ÀÌ ÀÌ ºÏÂÊ °íÁö¸¦ ÀÌó·³ ±²ÀåÇÑ ´«
¿ÜÅõ·Î °è¼Ó µ¤°í ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È, ºùÇÏ ½Ã´ë´Â °è¼ÓµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ´«Àº °ð, ´Ü´ÜÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼¼È÷ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¾óÀ½À¸·Î ÇüŸ¦
¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù.
| Simultaneously
with these land elevations the ocean currents shifted, and the seasonal
winds changed their direction. These conditions eventually produced
an almost constant precipitation of moisture from the movement of
the heavily saturated atmosphere over the northern highlands. Snow
began to fall on these elevated and therefore cool regions, and
it continued to fall until it had attained a depth of 20,000 feet.
The areas of the greatest depth of snow, together with altitude,
determined the central points of subsequent glacial pressure flows.
And the ice age persisted just as long as this excessive precipitation
continued to cover these northern highlands with this enormous mantle
of snow, which soon metamorphosed into solid but creeping ice. | |
61:5.3 ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
°Å´ëÇÑ ºùÆÇÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿À´Ã³¯ ¹ß°ßµÈ »ê¾Ç Áö¿ªÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ³ôÀº °íÁö¿¡ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºùÇÏÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀº ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡, 4ºÐÀÇ
1Àº À¯¶ó½Ã¾Æ¿¡, 4ºÐÀÇ 1Àº ÁÖ·Î ³²±Ø¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â ¾óÀ½ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, È£ÁÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ ³²±ØÀÇ
¾óÀ½À¸·Î µ¤¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| The great ice
sheets of this period were all located on elevated highlands, not
in mountainous regions where they are found today. One half of the
glacial ice was in North America, one fourth in Eurasia, and one
fourth elsewhere, chiefly in Antarctica. Africa was little affected
by the ice, but Australia was almost covered with the antarctic
ice blanket. | |
61:5.4 ÀÌ ¼¼°èÀÇ
ºÏÂÊ Áö¿ªÀº ¿©¼¸ ¹øÀÇ ºÐ¸®µÇ°í ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ¾óÀ½ÀÇ Ä§·«À» °æÇèÇßÁö¸¸, °¢°¢ÀÇ ¾óÀ½ÆÇÀÇ È°µ¿°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê ÀüÁø°ú
ÈÄÅ𸦠°ÅµìÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾óÀ½Àº µÎ °³ÀÇ Áß¾ÓÀ¸·Î ¸ð¿´°í, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¼¼ °³ÀÇ Áß¾ÓÀ¸·Î ¸ð¿´´Ù. ±×¸°¶õµå´Â µ¤¿´°í,
¾ÆÀ̽½¶õµå´Â ¾óÀ½ÀÇ È帧 ¹Ø¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹¯Çû´Ù. À¯·´¿¡¼ ¾óÀ½Àº ¿µ±¹ ³²ºÎ ÇؾÈÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ¸¦ µ¤¾ú°í,
¼À¯·´À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÁ¶û½º±îÁö ÆÛÁ® ³»·Á°¬´Ù.
| The northern
regions of this world have experienced six separate and distinct
ice invasions, although there were scores of advances and recessions
associated with the activity of each individual ice sheet. The ice
in North America collected in two and, later, three centers. Greenland
was covered, and Iceland was completely buried beneath the ice flow.
In Europe the ice at various times covered the British Isles excepting
the coast of southern England, and it overspread western Europe
down to France. | |
61:5.5
200¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Ã¹ ºùÇÏ°¡ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÀüÁøÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ºùÇϱⰡ ÀÌÁ¦ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ºùÇÏ´Â ºÏÂÊÀÇ
¾Ð·Â Á߽ɿ¡¼ ´Ù½Ã ÈÄÅðÇϴµ¥ °ÅÀÇ ¹é¸¸ ³âÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ½á¹ö·È´Ù. Áß¾ÓÀÇ ºù»óÀº ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ĵÀÚ½º±îÁö »¸¾î ³ª°¬´Ù; µ¿ÂÊ°ú
¼ÂÊÀÇ ¾óÀ½ Á߽ɵéÀº ±×¶§ ±×´ÙÁö ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| 2,000,000
years ago the first North American glacier started its southern
advance. The ice age was now in the making, and this glacier consumed
nearly one million years in its advance from, and retreat back toward,
the northern pressure centers. The central ice sheet extended south
as far as Kansas; the eastern and western ice centers were not then
so extensive. | |
61:5.6
150¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ºùÇÏ°¡ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹°·¯³ª°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µ¿¾È ±×¸°¶õµå¿Í ºÏ¹Ì ºÏµ¿ Áö¿ª¿¡ ¾öû³ ¾çÀÇ
´«ÀÌ ³»·È°í, ¸ÓÁö¾Ê¾Æ ÀÌ µ¿ºÎÀÇ ¾óÀ½ µ¢¾î¸®´Â ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î Èê·¯³»¸®±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾óÀ½ÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ħÀÔÀ̾ú´Ù.
| 1,500,000 years
ago the first great glacier was retreating northward. In the meantime,
enormous quantities of snow had been falling on Greenland and on
the northeastern part of North America, and erelong this eastern
ice mass began to flow southward. This was the second invasion of
the ice. | |
61:5.7 óÀ½ µÎ
¹øÀÇ ¾óÀ½ ħ·«Àº À¯¶ó½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ºùÇÏ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¸¶½ºÅäµ·, ÅÐ ÀÖ´Â ¸Å¸Óµå, ¸»¤ý³«Å¸¤ý»ç½¿¤ý»çÇâ¼Ò¤ýµé¼Ò¤ý³ª¹«´Ãº¸,
Å« ºñ¹ö, Ä®À̸¦ °¡Áø È£¶ûÀÌ, ÄÚ³¢¸®¸¸Å Å« ³ª¹«´Ãº¸, ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº Áý´ÜÀÇ °³¿Í °í¾çÀÌ °ú(Ρ)·Î ³ÑÃijµ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
ÀÌ ½Ã±âºÎÅÍ ºùÇϱâÀÇ ½ÉÇØÁö´Â ÃßÀ§·Î ÀÎÇØ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù. ºùÇϱâÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ÀÌ µ¿¹° Á¾ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº
ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| These first
two ice invasions were not extensive in Eurasia. During these early
epochs of the ice age North America was overrun with mastodons,
woolly mammoths, horses, camels, deer, musk oxen, bison, ground
sloths, giant beavers, saber-toothed tigers, sloths as large as
elephants, and many groups of the cat and dog families. But from
this time forward they were rapidly reduced in numbers by the increasing
cold of the glacial period. Toward the close of the ice age the
majority of these animal species were extinct in North America.
| |
61:5.8 ¾óÀ½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ¶¥°ú ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº °ÅÀÇ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¾óÀ½ÀÇ Ä§ÀÔ »çÀÌ¿¡ ±âÈÄ´Â ´ëü·Î ÇöÀ縸Š¿ÂÈÇß°í,
¾Æ¸¶ Á¶±Ý ´õ µûµíÇß´Ù. ºùÇÏ´Â ÆÛÁ®¼ ¾öû³ Áö¿ªÀ» µ¤±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, °á±¹ Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ Çö»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇؾÈÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ºùÇÏ°¡
ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ½Ã±â¿Í °Å´ëÇÑ ºù»êµéÀÌ ¸ÞÀÎÁÖ Çؾȿ¡¼ ´ë¼¾çÀ¸·Î ¹Ì²ô·¯Á® ÆÛ°Ù »ç¿îµå¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÅÂÆò¾çÀ¸·Î ºüÁ®³ª°¡°í,
³ë¸£¿þÀÌÀÇ ÇÇ¿À¸£µå ¹ØÀ¸·Î, ÈÖ¸ô¾ÆÄ¡¸ç ºÏÇØ·Î ³»·Á°£ ½ÃÀý »çÀÌ¿¡, Å©°Ô ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù.
| Away from
the ice the land and water life of the world was little changed.
Between the ice invasions the climate was about as mild as at present,
perhaps a little warmer. The glaciers were, after all, local phenomena,
though they spread out to cover enormous areas. The coastwise climate
varied greatly between the times of glacial inaction and those times
when enormous icebergs were sliding off the coast of Maine into
the Atlantic, slipping out through Puget Sound into the Pacific,
and thundering down Norwegian fiords into the North Sea. |
61:6.1 ÀÌ ºùÇÏ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Å« »ç°ÇÀº ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ÁøÈ¿´´Ù. Àεµ ¼ÂÊ, Áö±ÝÀº ¹°¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¶¥À¸·Î, ¿À·¡µÈ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ¿©¿ì¿ø¼þÀÌ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ÀÌÁÖÀÚµé ÀÚ¼Õ »çÀÌ¿¡¼, ¿ø½Ã Æ÷À¯·ùµéÀÌ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛÀº µ¿¹°µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ µÞ´Ù¸®·Î °É¾ú°í, ±×µéÀº ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ³ú¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© Å« ³ú¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾·ù »ý¹°ÀÇ 70¹ø° ¼¼´ë¿¡¼ »õ·Î¿î Áøº¸µÈ Áý´ÜÀÇ µ¿¹°µéÀÌ °©Àڱ⠺ÐÈÇß´Ù. ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Áß°£ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÌ¡ªÅ©±â¿Í Å°°¡ ¼±Á¶ÀÇ °ÅÀÇ µÎ ¹è°¡ µÇ°í, ºñ·ÊÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â µÎ³ú·ÂÀ» °¡Á³´Ù¡ªºñ·Î¼Ò ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àß Àâ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±×¶§ ¼¼ ¹ø°·Î °áÁ¤Àû µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ, °ð ¿µÀå·ù°¡ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. (ÀÌ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡, Áß°£ Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ Á¾Á· ³»ÀÇ ¿ªÇàÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀüÀº À¯»ç Á¶»óÀÎ ¿ø¼þÀÌÀÇ Á¶»óÀ» ³º¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×³¯ºÎÅÍ Áö±Ý±îÁö Àΰ£ÀÇ °¡Áö´Â Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÈÇÏ¿© ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬°í, ÇÑÆí ¿ø¼þÀÌ ºÎÁ·Àº Á¤ÁöÇØ Àְųª, ½ÇÁ¦·Î Åðº¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.) | 6. Primitive Man in the Ice Age The great event of this glacial period was the evolution of primitive man. Slightly to the west of India, on land now under water and among the offspring of Asiatic migrants of the older North American lemur types, the dawn mammals suddenly appeared. These small animals walked mostly on their hind legs, and they possessed large brains in proportion to their size and in comparison with the brains of other animals. In the seventieth generation of this order of life a new and higher group of animals suddenly differentiated. These new mid-mammals¡ªalmost twice the size and height of their ancestors and possessing proportionately increased brain power¡ªhad only well established themselves when the Primates, the third vital mutation, suddenly appeared. (At this same time, a retrograde development within the mid-mammal stock gave origin to the simian ancestry; and from that day to this the human branch has gone forward by progressive evolution, while the simian tribes have remained stationary or have actually retrogressed.) | |
61:6.2
100¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷ »ç´Â ¼¼°è·Î µî·ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù. Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ¿µÀå·ùÀÇ Á¾Á· ³»ÀÇ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ´Â °©ÀÚ±â ÀηùÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦
Á¶»óÀÎ µÎ ¿ø½Ã Àΰ£À» ¸¸µé¾î³Â´Ù.
| 1,000,000
years ago Urantia was registered as an inhabited world. A mutation
within the stock of the progressing Primates suddenly produced two
primitive human beings, the actual ancestors of mankind. | |
61:6.3 ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº
3Â÷ ºùÇÏ°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù; µû¶ó¼ ³ÊÈñ Ãʱâ Á¶»óµéÀº Àڱذú È°·ÂÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¾î·Á¿î ȯ°æ¿¡¼ ž°í ¹ø½ÄÇß´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ ¿øÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ýÁ¸ÀÚÀÎ ¿¡½ºÅ°¸ðÀÎÀº Áö±Ýµµ Ãß¿î ºÏÂÊÀÇ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼ »ç´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù.
| This event
occurred at about the time of the beginning of the third glacial
advance; thus it may be seen that your early ancestors were born
and bred in a stimulating, invigorating, and difficult environment.
And the sole survivors of these Urantia aborigines, the Eskimos,
even now prefer to dwell in frigid northern climes. | |
61:6.4 Àΰ£Àº
ºùÇϱⰡ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ë·ú °£ ºùÇÏ ½Ã´ë µ¿¾È ±×µéÀº ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁöÁßÇØ µÑ·¹¸¦ Áö³ª°¬°í,
°ð À¯·´ ´ë·úÀ» Ⱦ´ÜÇß´Ù. ¼À¯·´ÀÇ µ¿±¼¿¡¼´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ »À°¡ ¿´ë¿Í ºÏ±Ø µ¿¹°ÀÇ À¯°ñ°ú µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº Àηù°¡ ºùÇÏ°¡ ÀüÁøÇÏ°í ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Â Èı⠽ô뿡 °ÉÃÄ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¾ðÇÑ´Ù.
| Human beings
were not present in the Western Hemisphere until near the close
of the ice age. But during the interglacial epochs they passed westward
around the Mediterranean and soon overran the continent of Europe.
In the caves of western Europe may be found human bones mingled
with the remains of both tropic and arctic animals, testifying that
man lived in these regions throughout the later epochs of the advancing
and retreating glaciers. |
61:7.1 ºùÇϱ⠵¿¾È ´Ù¸¥ È°µ¿µéÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾úÁö¸¸,
¾óÀ½ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀº ºÏÂÊ À§µµÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç Çö»óÀ» ¹«»öÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ¶¥ÀÇ È°µ¿µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ Æ¯Â¡ÀûÀÎ Áõ°Å¸¦ ÁöÇü
À§¿¡ ³²±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ƯÀÌÇÑ Ç¥¼®(ø÷à´)[2], ±×¸®°í ¶¥ÀÇ ±¸¸Û, È£¼ö, ¿Å°ÜÁø µ¹, µ¹°¡·ç¿Í °°Àº ÁöÇ¥ÀÇ °¥¶óÁø
Çö»óÀº ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Çö»ó°ú °ü·Ã ¾øÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾óÀ½Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ µ¹ÃâºÎ, °ð ºùÅð±¸(Þ¼÷ØÎø)·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁø ÁöÇ¥ÀÇ Áøµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇؼµµ º¯ÇüÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ±×¸®°í ºùÇÏ°¡ ÁøÇàÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ °À» ¿Å±â°í Áö±¸ÀÇ ¸éµéÀÇ Àüü¸¦
º¯È½ÃŲ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ºùÇÏ°¡ ³»¸·À» ¾Ë¸®´Â Ç¥·ù¹°¡ªÁö»ó¤ýÃø¸é¤ý¸»´Ü ºùÅð¼®À»¡ªÀ» ³²°Ü ³õ´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥·ù¹°, ƯÈ÷
Áö»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºùÅð¼®(Þ¼÷Øà´)Àº, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ µ¿ÂÊÀÇ ÇØ¾È ºÏºÎ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î »¸¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À¯·´°ú ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ¿¡¼
¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. | 7. The Continuing Ice Age Throughout the glacial period other activities were in progress, but the action of the ice overshadows all other phenomena in the northern latitudes. No other terrestrial activity leaves such characteristic evidence on the topography. The distinctive boulders and surface cleavages, such as potholes, lakes, displaced stone, and rock flour, are to be found in connection with no other phenomenon in nature. The ice is also responsible for those gentle swells, or surface undulations, known as drumlins. And a glacier, as it advances, displaces rivers and changes the whole face of the earth. Glaciers alone leave behind them those telltale drifts¡ªthe ground, lateral, and terminal moraines. These drifts, particularly the ground moraines, extend from the eastern seaboard north and westward in North America and are found in Europe and Siberia. | |
61:7.2
75¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Áß¾Ó ¹× µ¿ÂÊ ºù¿øÀÌ ÇÕÃÄÁø ³× ¹ø° ºù»óÀÌ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁøÇà ÁßÀ̾ú´Ù; ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀýÁ¤¿¡
´ÞÇßÀ» ¶§ Àϸ®³ëÀÌÁÖ ³²ºÎ¿¡ À̸£·¶°í, ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ °À» 80km ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¿Å°Ü³õ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À °°ú Ææ½Çº£À̴ϾÆ
ÁßºÎ¿Í ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î »¸¾î ³ª°¬´Ù.
| 750,000 years
ago the fourth ice sheet, a union of the North American central
and eastern ice fields, was well on its way south; at its height
it reached to southern Illinois, displacing the Mississippi River
fifty miles to the west, and in the east it extended as far south
as the Ohio River and central Pennsylvania. | |
61:7.3 ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼´Â
½Ãº£¸®¾Æ ºùÇÏ°¡ ÃÖ³²´Ü¿¡ ħÅõÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, À¯·´¿¡¼ ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â ¾óÀ½Àº ¾ËÇÁ½º »êÀÇ À庮 ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¸ØÃß¾ú´Ù.
| In Asia the
Siberian ice sheet made its southernmost invasion, while in Europe
the advancing ice stopped just short of the mountain barrier of
the Alps. | |
61:7.4
50¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡, ¾óÀ½ÀÌ ´Ù¼¸ ¹ø°·Î ÀüÁøÇÏ´ø µ¿¾È¿¡, »õ·Î¿î »çÅ°¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁøÈ °úÁ¤À» °¡¼ÓÇß´Ù. °©ÀÚ±â, ÇÑ ¼¼´ë¿¡,
¿©¼¸ À¯»ö ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¿øÁֹΠÀΰ£ Ç÷ÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ·Î »ý°å´Ù. À̶§´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Ç༺ ¿µÁÖÀÇ µµÂøÁ¡À» Ç¥½ÃÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌÁßÀ¸·Î
Áß¿äÇÑ ³¯ÀÌ´Ù.
| 500,000 years
ago, during the fifth advance of the ice, a new development accelerated
the course of human evolution. Suddenly and in one generation the
six colored races mutated from the aboriginal human stock. This
is a doubly important date since it also marks the arrival of the
Planetary Prince. | |
61:7.5 ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼
ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â ´Ù¼¸Â° ºùÇÏ´Â ¸ðµÎ ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ºùÇÏ Á߽ɺÎÀÇ ÇÕµ¿ ħÅõ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µ¿ÂÊ µ¹ÃâºÎ´Â ¼¼ÀÎÆ® ·Î·»½º °è°î
¾Æ·¡·Î Á¶±Ý¹Û¿¡ »¸¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ¼ÂÊÀÇ ºù»óÀº ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î °ÅÀÇ ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áß½ÉÀÇ µ¹ÃâºÎ´Â ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î
»¸¾î ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿ÍÁÖ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù. À¯·´¿¡¼ ÀÌ ¾óÀ½ ħÅõ´Â ÀÌÀü¸¸Å ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| In North America
the advancing fifth glacier consisted of a combined invasion by
all three ice centers. The eastern lobe, however, extended only
a short distance below the St. Lawrence valley, and the western
ice sheet made little southern advance. But the central lobe reached
south to cover most of the State of Iowa. In Europe this invasion
of the ice was not so extensive as the preceding one. | |
61:7.6
25¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡, 6¹ø°ÀÌÀÚ ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏ°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ºÏºÎ °íÁö°¡ ¾à°£ °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÁö¸¸, À̶§´Â ºÏºÎ ºù¿ø¿¡
´«ÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ½×ÀÌ´Â ½Ã±â¿´´Ù.
| 250,000 years
ago the sixth and last glaciation began. And despite the fact that
the northern highlands had begun to sink slightly, this was the
period of greatest snow deposition on the northern ice fields. | |
61:7.7 ÀÌ Ä§Åõ¿¡¼
¼¼ °³ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¾óÀ½ÆÇÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¾óÀ½ µ¢¾î¸®·Î ÇÕÃÄÁ³°í, ¼ÂÊ »êµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀÌ ºùÇÏ È°µ¿¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº
ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾óÀ½ ħÅõ °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå Å« °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù; ¾óÀ½Àº ±× ¾Ð·Â Á߽ɿ¡¼ 2,400km°¡ ³Ñ°Ô ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿Çß°í,
ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â °¡Àå ³·Àº ±â¿ÂÀ» üÇèÇß´Ù.
| In this invasion
the three great ice sheets coalesced into one vast ice mass, and
all of the western mountains participated in this glacial activity.
This was the largest of all ice invasions in North America; the
ice moved south over fifteen hundred miles from its pressure centers,
and North America experienced its lowest temperatures. | |
61:7.8
20¸¸ ³â Àü, ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏ°¡ ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡, À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ÁøÇà°ú ¸¹ÀÌ ¿¬°üµÇ´Â »ç°Ç¡ª·ç½ÃÆÛ ¹Ý¶õ¡ªÀÌ
ÀϾ´Ù.
| 200,000 years
ago, during the advance of the last glacier, there occurred an episode
which had much to do with the march of events on Urantia¡ªthe Lucifer
rebellion. | |
61:7.9
15¸¸ ³â ³â Àü¿¡ ¿©¼¸Â°ÀÌÀÚ ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏÀÇ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ¸Ö¸® »¸¾î ³ª°¡¼, ¼ºÎÀÇ ºù»óÀº ij³ª´Ù °æ°è ¹Ù·Î À§¸¦
³Ñ¾î°¬´Ù. Áߺδ ĵ»ç½º¤ý¹ÌÁ¶¸®¤ýÀϸ®³ëÀÌ·Î ³»·Á¿Ô°í, µ¿ÂÊ ºù»óÀº ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàÇÏ°í, Ææ½Ç¹Ù´Ï¾Æ¿Í ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿ÀÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀ»
³Ñ°Ô µ¤¾ú´Ù.
| 150,000 years
ago the sixth and last glacier reached its farthest points of southern
extension, the western ice sheet crossing just over the Canadian
border; the central coming down into Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois;
the eastern sheet advancing south and covering the greater portion
of Pennsylvania and Ohio. | |
61:7.10 ÀÌ ºùÇÏ´Â
Çô ¸ð¾çÀÇ °¡Áö, °ð ¾óÀ½ µ¹ÃâºÎ¸¦ ³»º¸³½ ºùÇÏÀε¥, ÀÌ µ¹ÃâºÎ´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Å©°í ÀÛÀº È£¼ö¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ºùÇÏ°¡
¹°·¯°¥ ¶§, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ·¹ÀÌÅ©½º ü°è°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÀÌ ¹° µ¢¾î¸®°¡ óÀ½¿¡´Â ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ
À¯¿ªÀ¸·Î Èê·¯ µé¾î°¡°í, ´ÙÀ½¿¡ µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î Çãµå½¼ À¯¿ªÀ¸·Î °¬À¸¸ç, ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡´Â ºÏÂÊ ±æÀ» °æÀ¯Çؼ ¼¼ÀÎÆ® ·Î·»½º·Î Èê·¯°¬´Ù°í
À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹ßÀü ´Ü°è¸¦ ¾ÆÁÖ Á¤È®È÷ Ãß·ÐÇß´Ù. ¿¬°áµÈ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ·¹ÀÌÅ©½º ü°è°¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó
°æ·Î¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁö±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ Áö´Â 3¸¸ 7õ ³âÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| This is the
glacier that sent forth the many tongues, or ice lobes, which carved
out the present-day lakes, great and small. During its retreat the
North American system of Great Lakes was produced. And Urantian
geologists have very accurately deduced the various stages of this
development and have correctly surmised that these bodies of water
did, at different times, empty first into the Mississippi valley,
then eastward into the Hudson valley, and finally by a northern
route into the St. Lawrence. It is thirty-seven thousand years since
the connected Great Lakes system began to empty out over the present
Niagara route. | |
61:7.11
10¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡, ¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏ°¡ ¹°·¯³ª´Â µ¿¾È¿¡, ±¤´ëÇÑ ±ØÁö¹æÀÇ ºù»óµéÀÌ ºñ·Î¼Ò Çü¼ºµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÃàÀûµÈ ¾óÀ½ÀÇ
Áß½ÉÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î À°Áö°¡ »ó½ÂÇϰųª ´ë¾çÀÇ ÇØ·ù°¡ º¯µ¿ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú »ó°ü¾øÀÌ, ºÏ±Ø Áö¿ªÀÌ °è¼Ó
¾óÀ½À¸·Î µ¤¿© ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ºùÇϱⰡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.
| 100,000 years
ago, during the retreat of the last glacier, the vast polar ice
sheets began to form, and the center of ice accumulation moved considerably
northward. And as long as the polar regions continue to be covered
with ice, it is hardly possible for another glacial age to occur,
regardless of future land elevations or modification of ocean currents. | |
61:7.12 ÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸·
ºùÇÏ´Â 10¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ÁøÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ÈÄÅ𸦠¸¶Ä¡´Â µ¥´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ¿Â´ë Áö¹æÀº 5¸¸ ³âÀÌ
Á¶±Ý ³Ñ°Ô ¾óÀ½ÀÌ ¾óÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| This last glacier
was one hundred thousand years advancing, and it required a like
span of time to complete its northern retreat. The temperate regions
have been free from the ice for a little over fifty thousand years.
| |
61:7.13 Ȥµ¶ÇÑ
ºùÇϱâ´Â ¸¹Àº Á¾µéÀ» Æı«Çß°í, ¼ö¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ Á¾À» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¸¹Àº Á¾ÀÌ ºùÇÏÀÇ ÀüÁøÇÏ°í ÈÄÅðÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ
À̸®Àú¸® ¿Å°Ü ´Ù´Ï¸é¼ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ½Ã·ÃÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¶¥¿¡¼ ºùÇϸ¦ µû¶ó ¿Ô´Ù °¬´Ù Çß´ø µ¿¹°µéÀº °õ¤ýµé¼Ò¤ý¼ø·Ï¤ý»çÇâ¼Ò¤ý¸Å¸Óµå¤ý¸¶½ºÅäµ·À̾ú´Ù.
| The rigorous
glacial period destroyed many species and radically changed numerous
others. Many were sorely sifted by the to-and-fro migration which
was made necessary by the advancing and retreating ice. Those animals
which followed the glaciers back and forth over the land were the
bear, bison, reindeer, musk ox, mammoth, and mastodon. | |
61:7.14 ¸Å¸Óµå´Â
Ź Æ®ÀÎ ÃÊ¿øÀ» ã¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¸¶½ºÅäµ·Àº ½£ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¾Æ´ÁÇÑ °¡ÀåÀÚ¸®¸¦ ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇß´Ù. ´ÊÀº ½ÃÀý±îÁö ¸Å¸Óµå´Â ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ
ij³ª´Ù±îÁö Èð¾îÁ³°í, ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ Á¾·ù´Â ÅзΠµ¤ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹éÀÎÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡ µé¼Ò¸¦ Á׿©¹ö¸° °Íó·³, ¸¶½ºÅäµ·Àº È«Àο¡°Ô
¸êÁ¾µÉ ¶§±îÁö ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ¹öƼ¾ú´Ù.
| The mammoth
sought the open prairies, but the mastodon preferred the sheltered
fringes of the forest regions. The mammoth, until a late date, ranged
from Mexico to Canada; the Siberian variety became wool covered.
The mastodon persisted in North America until exterminated by the
red man much as the white man later killed off the bison. | |
61:7.15 ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼,
¸¶Áö¸· ºùÇÏ È°µ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ´ø µ¿¾È¿¡ ¸»¤ýÅÂÇǸ£¤ý¶ó¸¶, ±×¸®°í Ä®À̸¦ °¡Áø È£¶ûÀÌ°¡ ¸êÁ¾µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µé ´ë½Å¿¡ ³ª¹«´Ãº¸¤ý¾Æ¸£¸¶µô·Î¤ýÄ«Çǹٶó°¡
³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Ã¶ó¿Ô´Ù.
| In North America,
during the last glaciation, the horse, tapir, llama, and saber-toothed
tiger became extinct. In their places sloths, armadillos, and water
hogs came up from South America. | |
61:7.16 ÀüÁøÇÏ´Â
¾óÀ½ ¾Õ¿¡ °Á¦ÀûÀÎ »ý¸íÀÇ À̵¿Àº ½Ä¹°°ú µ¿¹°ÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î À̾îÁ³°í, ¸¶Áö¸· ¾óÀ½ ħ°øÀÌ ¹°·¯³ªÀÚ, ºÏ±ØÀÇ ½Ä¹°°ú
µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¸¹Àº Á¾µéÀº ºùÇÏÀÇ Æı«·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³ª±â À§ÇØ À̵¿Çß´ø ¾î¶² ³ôÀº »êºÀ¿ì¸®µé¿¡¼ °í¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¿À´Ã³¯,
¿Å°ÜÁø ÀÌ ½Ä¹°°ú µ¿¹°µéÀº À¯·´ÀÇ ¾ËÇÁ½º¿Í ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼µµ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
| The enforced
migration of life before the advancing ice led to an extraordinary
commingling of plants and of animals, and with the retreat of the
final ice invasion, many arctic species of both plants and animals
were left stranded high upon certain mountain peaks, whither they
had journeyed to escape destruction by the glacier. And so, today,
these dislocated plants and animals may be found high up on the
Alps of Europe and even on the Appalachian Mountains of North America.
| |
61:7.17 ºùÇÏ
½Ã´ë´Â ÁöÇüÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¿Ï¼ºµÈ ½Ã±â·Î¼, À̸¥¹Ù È«Àû¼¼ÀÌ°í,
±â°£Àº 2¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ ³Ñ¾ú´Ù.
| The ice age
is the last completed geologic period, the so-called Pleistocene,
over two million years in length. | |
61:7.18
35,000³â ÀüÀº Ç༺ÀÇ ±ØÁö¹æµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ °Å´ëÇÑ ºùÇϱâÀÇ Á¾¸»À» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÃÁ¡Àº ´ëü·Î ÃæÀû¼¼,
°ð ºùÇÏ ÀÌÈÄ ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °Í¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϸç, ¶ÇÇÑ ¹°Áú ¾ÆµéµþÀÇ µµÂø°ú ¾Æ´ã ¼·¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼
Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
| 35,000 years
ago marks the termination of the great ice age excepting in the
polar regions of the planet. This date is also significant in that
it approximates the arrival of a Material Son and Daughter and the
beginning of the Adamic dispensation, roughly corresponding to the
beginning of the Holocene or postglacial period. | |
61:7.19 Æ÷À¯µ¿¹°ÀÇ
µîÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºùÇÏ°¡ ¹°·¯°¥ ¶§±îÁö, ±×¸®°í ¿ª»çÀû ½Ã´ë·Î À̾îÁö´Â ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â °ÅÀÇ 5õ¸¸ ³âÀÇ ±â°£À» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù.
À̶§´Â ¸¶Áö¸·¡ªÇöÀçÀÇ¡ªÁöÁúÇÐ ±â°£ÀÌ°í, ³ÊÈñÀÇ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ½Å»ý´ë
¶Ç´Â ±Ù¼¼ ½Ã´ë¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
| This narrative,
extending from the rise of mammalian life to the retreat of the
ice and on down to historic times, covers a span of almost fifty
million years. This is the last-the current-geologic period and
is known to your researchers as the Cenozoic or recent-times era.
| |
61:7.20 [°ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â
ÇÑ »ý¸í ¿î¹ÝÀÚ°¡ ÈÄ¿øÇÏ¿´´Ù.]
| [Sponsored
by a Resident Life Carrier.] |