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Á¦ 89 Æí
| Paper
89 Sin, Sacrifice, and Atonement | |
89:0.1 (974.1)
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿µµé¿¡°Ô ºúÀ» Á³´Ù, Á˰ªÀ» ¹°¾î¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÌ À̸¦ º¸°Ç´ë, °øÆòÇÏ°Ô ÇÏÀÚ¸é
¿µµéÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ¸¹Àº ºÒ¿îÀ» ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÆÛºÎÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ, ÀÌ °³³äÀº ÁË¿Í ±¸¿øÀÇ ±³¸®·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù.
È¥Àº ÀÚ°ÝÀ» »©¾Ñ±â°í¡ª¿øÁË(ê«ñª)¸¦ °¡Áö°í¡ª¼¼»ó¿¡ ¿Ô´Ù°í °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. È¥Àº °ªÀ» ¹°°í ã¾Æ¾ß Çß´Ù. ¼ÓÁ˾çÀÌ ¸¶·ÃµÇ¾î¾ß
Çß´Ù. ¸Ó¸® »ç³É²ÛÀº ÇØ°ñ ¼þ¹è¸¦ ½ÇõÇϰí, ±× À§¿¡ Àڱ⠸ñ¼ûÀÇ ´ë¿ëǰ, Áï Èñ»ýÀÚ¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Primitive man
regarded himself as being in debt to the spirits, as standing in
need of redemption. As the savages looked at it, in justice the
spirits might have visited much more bad luck upon them. As time
passed, this concept developed into the doctrine of sin and salvation.
The soul was looked upon as coming into the world under forfeit-original
sin. The soul must be ransomed; a scapegoat must be provided. The
head-hunter, in addition to practicing the cult of skull worship,
was able to provide a substitute for his own life, a scapeman. | |
89:0.2 (974.2)
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ¿µµéÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ ºó°ï¤ý°íÅë¤ý±¼¿åÀ» ±¸°æÇÔÀ¸·Î ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸¸Á·À» ¾ò´Â´Ù´Â »ý°¢¿¡ Á¥¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. óÀ½¿¡ »ç¶÷Àº
¿ÀÁ÷ ÀúÁö¸¥ ÁË¿¡¸¸ ¾Æ¶û°÷ÇßÀ¸³ª, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ºü¶ß¸®´Â Á˸¦ °ÆÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏÀÇ Èñ»ý Á¦µµ ÀüºÎ°¡ ÀÌ µÎ °ü³äÀ»
Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ÀǽÄÀº ¿µÀ» ´Þ·¡´Â Èñ»ý ¿¹½ÄÀ» ÁöŰ´Â °Í°ú »ó°üÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ½ÅµéÀÇ ÀºÇý¸¦
¾ò±â À§Çؼ ¹«½¼ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ Áøº¸ÇÑ ¹®¸íÀÌ ÇѰᰰÀÌ Â÷ºÐÇÏ°í ¼±ÀǸ¦ °¡Áø Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
½ÅÀ» ´Þ·¡´Â °ÍÀº ¾Õ³¯ÀÇ ÃູÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â ÅõÀÚ¶ó±âº¸´Ù ´çÀåÀÇ ºÒ¿îÀ» ¸·´Â º¸ÇèÀ̾ú´Ù. ±Í½ÅÀ» ÇÇÇϰí ÂѾƳ»°í °Á¦Çϰí
´Þ·¡´Â ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)Àº ¸ðµÎ ¼·Î ÇÕº´µÈ´Ù.
| The savage
was early possessed with the notion that spirits derive supreme
satisfaction from the sight of human misery, suffering, and humiliation.
At first, man was only concerned with sins of commission, but later
he became exercised over sins of omission. And the whole subsequent
sacrificial system grew up around these two ideas. This new ritual
had to do with the observance of the propitiation ceremonies of
sacrifice. Primitive man believed that something special must be
done to win the favor of the gods; only advanced civilization recognizes
a consistently even-tempered and benevolent God. Propitiation was
insurance against immediate ill luck rather than investment in future
bliss. And the rituals of avoidance, exorcism, coercion, and propitiation
all merge into one another. |
89:1.1 (974.3) ±Ý±â(Ð×Ðû)¸¦ ÁöŰ´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ºÒ¿îÀ» ÇÇÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·Â, ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ÇÇÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿µ ±Í½ÅµéÀÇ ±âºÐÀ» »óÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù. ±Ý±â´Â óÀ½¿¡ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸³ª ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ±Í½ÅÀ̳ª ¿µÀÇ Àΰ¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ÀÌ·¸°Ô °ÈµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ±Ý±â´Â ¹ý°ú Á¦µµ¸¦ ¸¸µé°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±Ý±â´Â ¿¹½Ä ±âÁØÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ¿ä, ¿ø½ÃÀû ÀÚÁ¦(í»ð¤)ÀÇ Á¶»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ±Ý±â´Â °¡Àå À̸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ »çȸ ±ÔÁ¦¿´°í, ¿À·§µ¿¾È À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦¿´´Ù. ±Ý±â´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »çȸ¸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ±âº» ´ÜÀ§ÀÌ´Ù. | 1. The Taboo Observance of a taboo was man's effort to dodge ill luck, to keep from offending the spirit ghosts by the avoidance of something. The taboos were at first nonreligious, but they early acquired ghost or spirit sanction, and when thus reinforced, they became lawmakers and institution builders. The taboo is the source of ceremonial standards and the ancestor of primitive self-control. It was the earliest form of societal regulation and for a long time the only one; it is still a basic unit of the social regulative structure. | |
89:1.2 (974.4)
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÌ ±ÝÁö »çÇ×ÀÌ °¿äÇÏ´Â Á¸°æ½ÉÀº ±Ý±â¸¦ ÁýÇàÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ ÀÚÀÇ ±Ç´ÉÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â ¸¶À½°ú ¶È°°¾Ò´Ù.
±Ý±â´Â óÀ½¿¡ ºÒ¿îÀ» ¾î¼´Ù °Þ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÃßÀå(õÜíþ)°ú »þ¸Õ¡ª¿µ ±Í½Å, ¾Æ´Ï ½ÅÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í
»ý°¢µÇ¾ú´ø ÁÖ¹° Àΰ£¡ªÀÌ ±Ý±â¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù. ¿µÀÇ ²Ù¢À½À» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁÖ ´ë´ÜÇß°í, ±×·¡¼
±Ý±â¸¦ ¾î°åÀ» ¶§ ¶§¶§·Î ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ³î¶ó¼ Áױ⵵ Çϸç, ÀÌ·± ±ØÀûÀÎ »ç°ÇÀº ±Ý±â°¡ »ì¾Æ³²Àº ÀÚÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â À§·ÂÀ»
¾öû³ª°Ô °ÈÇÑ´Ù.
| The respect
which these prohibitions commanded in the mind of the savage exactly
equaled his fear of the powers who were supposed to enforce them.
Taboos first arose because of chance experience with ill luck; later
they were proposed by chiefs and shamans-fetish men who were thought
to be directed by a spirit ghost, even by a god. The fear of spirit
retribution is so great in the mind of a primitive that he sometimes
dies of fright when he has violated a taboo, and this dramatic episode
enormously strengthens the hold of the taboo on the minds of the
survivors. | |
89:1.3 (974.5)
¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ±ÝÁö »çÇ×Àº ¿©ÀÚ¿Í ±âŸ Àç»ê¿¡ ¼Õ´ëÁö ¸»¶ó´Â Á¦ÇÑÀ̾ú´Ù. Á¾±³°¡ ±Ý±âÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ºñ·Î¼Ò ´õ
Å« ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇÀÚ, ±ÝÁöµÈ ¹°°ÇÀ» ´õ·´´Ù, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â °Å·èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ±â·ÏÀº ±ú²ýÇÑ °Í°ú ´õ·¯¿î
°Í, °Å·èÇÑ °Í°ú °Å·èÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ» °¡µæÈ÷ ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ³ë¼±À» µû¸¥ ±×µéÀÇ °ü³äÀº ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ °ü³äº¸´Ù
ÈξÀ ´ú ¼º°¡½Ã°í ¹üÀ§°¡ Á¼¾Ò´Ù.
| Among the
earliest prohibitions were restrictions on the appropriation of
women and other property. As religion began to play a larger part
in the evolution of the taboo, the article resting under ban was
regarded as unclean, subsequently as unholy. The records of the
Hebrews are full of the mention of things clean and unclean, holy
and unholy, but their beliefs along these lines were far less cumbersome
and extensive than were those of many other peoples. | |
89:1.4 (975.1)
È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿ °¡Áö ¸í·É»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Þ¶ó¸¶½Ã¾Æ¿Í ¿¡µ§ÀÇ Àϰö °è¸íÀº ºÐ¸íÇÑ ±Ý±â¿´°í, °¡Àå ¿À·¡ µÈ ±ÝÁö Á¶Ç×°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î
¸ðµÎ°¡ ¶È°°ÀÌ ºÎÁ¤ ÇüÅ·ΠǥÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ¹ý±Ô´Â ¾Õ¼ ÀÖ´ø ¸îõ °¡Áö ±Ý±â¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÂüÀ¸·Î
»ç¶÷À» ÇØ¹æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ÀÌ ÈÄÀÏÀÇ °è¸íÀº º¹Á¾ÇÑ °ªÀ¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù.
| The seven commandments
of Dalamatia and Eden, as well as the ten injunctions of the Hebrews,
were definite taboos, all expressed in the same negative form as
were the most ancient prohibitions. But these newer codes were truly
emancipating in that they took the place of thousands of pre-existent
taboos. And more than this, these later commandments definitely
promised something in return for obedience. | |
89:1.5 (975.2)
¸ÔÀ» °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃʱâÀÇ ±Ý±â´Â ÁÖ¹° ¼þ¹è¿Í ÅäÅÛ ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. µÅÁö´Â Æä´ÏŰ¾ÆÀο¡°Ô ½Å¼ºÇÏ°í ¼Ò´Â ÈùµÎÀο¡°Ô
½Å¼ºÇß´Ù. µÅÁö°í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ¿¡ÁýÆ®ÀÎÀÇ ±Ý±â´Â È÷ºê¸®¿Í À̽½¶÷ ½Å¾Ó¿¡¼ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸ÔÀ» °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ý±âÀÇ ÇÑ
º¯Á¾Àº ÀÓ½ÅÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ°¡ ¾î¶² ½ÄǰÀ» ³Ê¹« ¸Ô°í ½Í¾îÇØ¼, ¾ÆÀ̰¡ žÀ» ¶§ ±× ½ÄǰÀ» ´à´Â´Ù´Â ¹ÏÀ½À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ
°í±Þ ½ÄǰÀº ±× ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ±Ý±â°¡ µÇ°ï Çß´Ù.
| The early food
taboos originated in fetishism and totemism. The swine was sacred
to the Phoenicians, the cow to the Hindus. The Egyptian taboo on
pork has been perpetuated by the Hebraic and Islamic faiths. A variant
of the food taboo was the belief that a pregnant woman could think
so much about a certain food that the child, when born, would be
the echo of that food. Such viands would be taboo to the child.
| |
89:1.6 (975.3)
¸Ô´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº °ð ±Ý±â°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, ±×·¡¼ °í´ë¿Í Çö´ëÀÇ ½ÄŹ ¿¹ÀýÀÌ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. Ä«½ºÆ® Á¦µµ¿Í »çȸÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀº ¿¾ ±ÝÁö
Á¶Ç×ÀÇ ÈçÀûÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â Â±âÀÌ´Ù. ±Ý±â´Â »çȸ¸¦ Á¶Á÷ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¾îÁö°£È÷ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ²ûÂïÇÏ°Ô ºÎ´ãÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ±ÝÁö üÁ¦´Â ¾µ¸ð ÀÖ´Â °Ç¼³Àû ±ÔÄ¢ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °í¸®Å¸ºÐÇÏ°í ³°°í ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ±Ý±âµµ º¸Á¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| Methods of
eating soon became taboo, and so originated ancient and modern table
etiquette. Caste systems and social levels are vestigial remnants
of olden prohibitions. The taboos were highly effective in organizing
society, but they were terribly burdensome; the negative-ban system
not only maintained useful and constructive regulations but also
obsolete, outworn, and useless taboos. | |
89:1.7 (975.4)
±×·¯³ª ¹æ´ëÇϰí Àâ´ÙÇÑ ±Ý±â¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀ» ºñÆòÇÒ Ã³Áö¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®¸íÈµÈ »çȸ´Â Çϳªµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ¿ø½Ã Á¾±³ÀÇ
ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é ±Ý±â´Â °áÄÚ Áö¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº Çʼö ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¹«Ã´ ºñ½Ñ ´ë°¡¸¦ Ä¡·¶°í,
³ë·Â¤ýÈñ»ý¤ýÀÚÁ¦ ¸é¿¡¼ Å« °ªÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ÀÚÁ¦(í»ð¤)ÀÇ ¼ºÃë´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ µó°í ±â¾î¿Ã¶ó°£ ¹®¸íÀÇ »ç´Ù¸®ÀÇ ÂüµÈ
¹ßÆÇÀ̾ú´Ù.
| There would,
however, be no civilized society to sit in criticism upon primitive
man except for these far-flung and multifarious taboos, and the
taboo would never have endured but for the upholding sanctions of
primitive religion. Many of the essential factors in man's evolution
have been highly expensive, have cost vast treasure in effort, sacrifice,
and self-denial, but these achievements of self-control were the
real rungs on which man climbed civilization's ascending ladder.
|
89:2.1 (975.5) ¿ì¿¬À» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°í ºÒ¿îÀ» ¹«¼¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àç³À» ¹æÁöÇÏ´Â º¸ÇèÀ̶ó »ý°¢µÈ ¿ø½Ã Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇϵµ·Ï ±ÛÀÚ ±×´ë·Î »ç¶÷À» Á·ÃÆ´Ù. Á¾±³´Â ¸¶¼ú°ú ±Í½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¿µ(çÏ)°ú ÁÖ¹°À» °ÅÃļ, ±Ý±â·Î ÁøÈÇß´Ù. ¿ø½Ã ºÎÁ·¸¶´Ù ±ÝÁöµÈ ¿¸Å¸¦ ¸Î´Â ³ª¹«°¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í, À̰ÍÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç°ú¿´Áö¸¸, ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ ±Ý±â°¡ ¹«°Ì°Ô ´Þ¸° 1õ°³³ª µÇ´Â °¡Áö¸¦ »ó¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ±ÝÁöµÈ ³ª¹«´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¡°³ÊÈñ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó¡±ÇÏ°í ¸»Çß´Ù. | 2. The Concept of Sin The fear of chance and the dread of bad luck literally drove man into the invention of primitive religion as supposed insurance against these calamities. From magic and ghosts, religion evolved through spirits and fetishes to taboos. Every primitive tribe had its tree of forbidden fruit, literally the apple but figuratively consisting of a thousand branches hanging heavy with all sorts of taboos. And the forbidden tree always said, "Thou shalt not." | |
89:2.2 (975.6)
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¿µ°ú ³ª»Û ¿µÀ» »ó»óÇÏ´Â Á¡±îÁö ÁøÈÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡, ±×¸®°í ±Ý±â°¡ ÁøÈÀû Á¾±³ÀÇ ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ ÁöÁö¸¦
¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, »õ·Î¿î ÁË °³³äÀÌ µîÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹«´ë°¡ ¸ðµÎ ÁغñµÇ¾ú´Ù. °è½ÃµÈ Á¾±³°¡ ¹Ìó ³ªÅ¸³ª±âµµ Àü¿¡, ¼¼»ó¿¡¼
ÁËÀÇ °³³äÀº º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î È®¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À·ÎÁö ÁË °³³äÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿©, ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬»ç´Â ÀÌÄ¡°¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÁË´Â
±Ý±â¸¦ ¾î±â´Â °ÍÀÌ¿ä, Á×À½Àº ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹úÀ̾ú´Ù.
| As the savage
mind evolved to that point where it envisaged both good and bad
spirits, and when the taboo received the solemn sanction of evolving
religion, the stage was all set for the appearance of the new conception
of sin. The idea of sin was universally established in the world
before revealed religion ever made its entry. It was only by the
concept of sin that natural death became logical to the primitive
mind. Sin was the transgression of taboo, and death was the penalty
of sin. | |
89:2.3 (975.7)
ÁË´Â ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À̾ú°í, »ý°¢ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇàÀ§¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ÁË °³³ä ÀüºÎ°¡ µô¹®, ±×¸®°í ¶¥¿¡ ÀÖ´ø
ÀÛÀº õ±¹ÀÇ ½ÃÀý¿¡ °üÇÑ, ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÀüÅë ¶§¹®¿¡ À°¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ´ã°ú ¿¡µ§ µ¿»êÀÇ ÀüÅëÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Á¾Á·µéÀÇ °³º® ½ÃÀý¿¡
ÇѶ§ ¡°È²±Ý ½Ã±â¡±°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ²Þ¿¡ ½Åºù¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ Ưº° âÁ¶°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±â¿øÀ» °¡Á³°í, »ç¶÷ÀÌ
¿ÏÀüÇÑ »óÅ·Π»ý¾Ö¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±Ý±â¸¦ ¾î±ä °Í¡ªÁË¡ª°¡ ³ªÁß¿¡ ±×¸¦ ºÒ½ÖÇÑ °ï°æ¿¡ ºü¶ß·È´Ù´Â ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÈ
»ý°¢À» ÀÔÁõÇß´Ù.
| Sin was ritual,
not rational; an act, not a thought. And this entire concept of
sin was fostered by the lingering traditions of Dilmun and the days
of a little paradise on earth. The tradition of Adam and the Garden
of Eden also lent substance to the dream of a onetime "golden
age" of the dawn of the races. And all this confirmed the ideas
later expressed in the belief that man had his origin in a special
creation, that he started his career in perfection, and that transgression
of the taboos-sin-brought him down to his later sorry plight. | |
89:2.4 (976.1)
±Ý±â¸¦ ¹ö¸©Ã³·³ ¾î±â´Â °ÍÀº ¾Ç´öÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, ¿ø½Ã À²¹ýÀº ¾Ç´öÀ» ¹üÁË·Î ¸¸µé°í, Á¾±³´Â ¾Ç´öÀ» ÁË·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¿¾
ºÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±Ý±â¸¦ ¾î±â´Â °ÍÀº ¹üÁË¿Í Á˸¦ ÇÕÄ£ °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Àç³Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹úÀ̶ó°í
°£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ¹ø¿µ°ú ¿Ã¹Ù¸§ÀÌ ºÙ¾î ´Ù´Ñ´Ù°í ¹ÏÀº ÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â, ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ ¹ø¿µÇÏ´Â µí º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³Ê¹« °ÆÁ¤ µÇ¾î¼,
±Ý±â¸¦ À§¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ ¹úÇÏ·Á°í Áö¿ÁÀ» ¹ß¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ¾Õ³¯¿¡ ¹úÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÀÌ Àå¼ÒÀÇ ¼ö´Â Çϳª¿¡¼ ´Ù¼¸±îÁö
´Þ¶ú´Ù.
| The habitual
violation of a taboo became a vice; primitive law made vice a crime;
religion made it a sin. Among the early tribes the violation of
a taboo was a combined crime and sin. Community calamity was always
regarded as punishment for tribal sin. To those who believed that
prosperity and righteousness went together, the apparent prosperity
of the wicked occasioned so much worry that it was necessary to
invent hells for the punishment of taboo violators; the numbers
of these places of future punishment have varied from one to five.
| |
89:2.5 (976.2) ÁËÀÇ °í¹é°ú ¿ë¼ÀÇ °ü³äÀº ¿ø½Ã Á¾±³¿¡¼ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ÙÀ½ ÁÖ(ñÎ)¿¡ ÀúÁö¸£·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÁË ¶§¹®¿¡, ´ëÁß È¸ÀÇ¿¡¼ ¿ë¼¸¦ ºÎŹÇϰï Çß´Ù. °í¹éÀº ´Ù¸¸ ¿ë¼ÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄÀ̾ú°í, ¶ÇÇÑ ´õ·´È÷´Â °ÍÀ» ´ëÁß¿¡°Ô ÅëÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ¡°´õ·´´Ù ´õ·¯¿ö!¡±ÇÏ°í ¿ÜÄ¡´Â ÀǽÄÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ Á¤È(ïäûù)ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÀÇ½Ä ÀýÂ÷°¡ µÚµû¶ú´Ù. °í´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÎÁ·ÀÌ ÀÇ¹Ì ¾ø´Â ÀÌ ¿¹½ÄÀ» µû¶ú´Ù. À§»ý °ü½ÀÀÎ µíÇÑ ¿¾ ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÀÀº ´ëü·Î ¿¹½ÄÀ̾ú´Ù. | The idea of
confession and forgiveness early appeared in primitive religion.
Men would ask forgiveness at a public meeting for sins they intended
to commit the following week. Confession was merely a rite of remission,
also a public notification of defilement, a ritual of crying "
unclean, unclean! " Then followed all the ritualistic schemes
of purification. All ancient peoples practiced these meaningless
ceremonies. Many apparently hygienic customs of the early tribes
were largely ceremonial. |
89:3.1 (976.3) ±Ø±â°¡ ÀÌ Á¾±³ÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è·Î¼ ´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù. ±Ý½ÄÀº º¸Åë °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. °ð ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÇüÅÂÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû Äè¶ô, ƯÈ÷ ¼ºÀû(àõîÜ) ¼ºÁúÀ» °¡Áø Äè¶ôÀ» ±×¸¸µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü½ÀÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±¾´Â ÀǽÄÀº ¿©·¯ °í´ë Á¾±³¿¡ »Ñ¸® ±íÀÌ ¹ÚÇô ÀÖ°í, ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î Çö´ëÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅÇÐ »ç»ó ü°è¿¡±îÁö ÀüÇØÁ® ³»·Á¿Ô´Ù.
| 3. Renunciation and Humiliation Renunciation came as the next step in religious evolution; fasting was a common practice. Soon it became the custom to forego many forms of physical pleasure, especially of a sexual nature. The ritual of the fast was deeply rooted in many ancient religions and has been handed down to practically all modern theologic systems of thought. | |
89:3.2 (976.4)
Á×Àº ÀÚ¿Í ÇÔ²² Àç»êÀ» Å¿ì°í ÆÄ¹¯´Â ³¶ºñÀû °ü½ÀÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸· ȸº¹ÇÒ ¹«·ÆÀÌ µÇÀÚ, ¹Ù¾ßÈå·Î Á¾Á·µéÀÇ °æÁ¦
±¸Á¶°¡ ºñ·Î¼Ò ¸ð½ÀÀ» °®Ãß°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ±Ø±â¸¦ ºÎ¸£Â¢´Â ÀÌ »õ Á¾±³ ±³¸®°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ¼ö¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ÁøÁöÇÑ È¥ÀÌ °¡³À»
Ä£±¸·Î »ï±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. Àç»êÀº ¿µÀû Àå¾Ö¹°·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ¹°Áú ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀÌ °³³äÀ» ºô·Î¿Í ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ
½ÃÀý¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³Î¸® ǰ¾ú°í, ±× µÚ·Î ´Ã À¯·´ÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Just about
the time barbarian man was recovering from the wasteful practice
of burning and burying property with the dead, just as the economic
structure of the races was beginning to take shape, this new religious
doctrine of renunciation appeared, and tens of thousands of earnest
souls began to court poverty. Property was regarded as a spiritual
handicap. These notions of the spiritual dangers of material possession
were widespreadly entertained in the times of Philo and Paul, and
they have markedly influenced European philosophy ever since. | |
89:3.3 (976.5)
ºó°ïÀº ´ÜÁö À°Ã¼¸¦ Á×ÀÌ´Â ÀǽÄÀÇ ÀϺο´°í, À̰ÍÀº ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ ¸¹Àº Á¾±³, Ưº°È÷ ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±â·Ï°ú °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µé¾î°¡°Ô
µÇ¾ú´Ù. °íÇàÀº ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â, ÈçÈ÷ ¾î¸®¼®Àº ÀÌ ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÌ ºÎÁ¤ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¾ß¸¸Àο¡°Ô
ÀÚÁ¦¸¦ °¡¸£Ãưí, ÀÌ´Â »çȸÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â Áøº¸¿´´Ù. ±Ø±â¿Í ÀÚÁ¦´Â ÃʱâÀÇ ÁøÈ Á¾±³·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý±ä, °¡Àå Å«
µÎ °¡Áö »çȸÀû À̵æÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÚÁ¦´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î »ýȰ öÇÐÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í, À̱âÀû ¸¸Á·À̶ó´Â ºÐÀÚ(ÝÂí)¸¦ ´ÃÀÌ·Á°í
´Ã ¾Ö¾²´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, °³ÀÎÀû ¿ä±¸ÀÎ ºÐ¸ð(ÝÂÙ½)¸¦ ³·ÃãÀ¸·Î ÀλýÀÇ ºÐ¼ö(ÝÂâ¦)¸¦ ³ôÀÌ´Â ±â¼úÀ» »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù.
| Poverty was
just a part of the ritual of the mortification of the flesh which,
unfortunately, became incorporated into the writings and teachings
of many religions, notably Christianity. Penance is the negative
form of this ofttimes foolish ritual of renunciation. But all this
taught the savage self-control, and that was a worth-while advancement
in social evolution. Self-denial and self-control were two of the
greatest social gains from early evolutionary religion. Self-control
gave man a new philosophy of life; it taught him the art of augmenting
life's fraction by lowering the denominator of personal demands
instead of always attempting to increase the numerator of selfish
gratification. | |
89:3.4 (976.6)
½º½º·Î¸¦ ´Ü·ÃÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¿¾ °ü³äÀº ¸ÅÁú°ú ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû °í¹®À» Æ÷ÇÔÇß´Ù. ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¼þ¹è±³ÀÇ »çÁ¦µéÀº À°Ã¼Àû °íÅëÀÇ
¹Ì´öÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡´Â µ¥ ƯÈ÷ Àû±ØÀûÀ̾ú°í, ½º½º·Î °Å¼¼¸¦ ¹ÞÀ½À¸·Î º»º¸±â¸¦ º¸¿´´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ, ÈùµÎ±³ ½ÅÀÚ, ºÒ±³ ½ÅÀÚ´Â
ÀÌ °íÇà(ÍÈú¼)ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ ¿½ÉÈ÷ µû¸¥ ÀÚ¿´´Ù.
| These olden
ideas of self-discipline embraced flogging and all sorts of physical
torture. The priests of the mother cult were especially active in
teaching the virtue of physical suffering, setting the example by
submitting themselves to castration. The Hebrews, Hindus, and Buddhists
were earnest devotees of this doctrine of physical humiliation.
| |
89:3.5 (976.7)
¿¾ ½ÃÀýÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ³»³», »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ½ÅµéÀÌ Àû´Â ±Ø±â(кÐù) ÀåºÎ¿¡ °øÀûÀ» ´õÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Ù. ¾î¶² °¨Á¤ÀÇ
¾Ð¹ÚÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ±Ø±â¿Í °íÇà(ÍÈú¼)À» ÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¼¾àÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇѶ§´Â dz½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ ÀÌ ¼¾àÀº ½Åµé°ú
°è¾àÇÏ´Â ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇß°í, ±×·± Àǹ̿¡¼, ÀÌ·¸°Ô °íÇàÇϰí À°Ã¼¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÑ °ªÀ¸·Î ½ÅµéÀÌ ¹«¾ð°¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Çϱâ·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â
¸é¿¡¼, ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ÂüµÈ Áøº¸¿´´Ù. ºÎÁ¤Àû ¼¾à°ú ±àÁ¤Àû ¼¾àÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ÀεµÀÇ ¾î¶² ¹«¸®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼, ÀÌ·¸°Ô
ÇØ·Ó°í ±Ø´ÜÀû ¼ºÁúÀ» °¡Áø ¼¾àÀ» °¡Àå Àß ÁؼöÇÑ´Ù.
| All through
the olden times men sought in these ways for extra credits on the
self-denial ledgers of their gods. It was once customary, when under
some emotional stress, to make vows of self-denial and self-torture.
In time these vows assumed the form of contracts with the gods and,
in that sense, represented true evolutionary progress in that the
gods were supposed to do something definite in return for this self-torture
and mortification of the flesh. Vows were both negative and positive.
Pledges of this harmful and extreme nature are best observed today
among certain groups in India. | |
89:3.6 (977.1)
±Ø±â¿Í ±¼¿åÀ» ºÎ¸£Â¢´Â Á¾ÆÄ°¡ ¼ºÀÇ ¸¸Á·¿¡ ´«À» µ¹¸° °ÍÀº ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿ï »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÅõ¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â Àü¿¡ ±ºÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼,
¼º¿åÀ» ÀýÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Á¾ÆÄ°¡ ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î¼ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ À̰ÍÀº ¡°¼ºÀÚ(á¡íº)µé¡±ÀÇ °ü½ÀÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾ÆÄ´Â °áÈ¥À» °Ü¿ì
°£Å뺸´Ù ´úÇÑ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î¼ ¹¬ÀÎÇß´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸¹Àº Å« Á¾±³°¡ ÀÌ °í´ëÀÇ ¼þ¹è¿¡ ³ª»Ú°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ±âµ¶±³º¸´Ù
´õ µÎµå·¯Áö°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. »çµµ ¹Ù¿ïÀº ÀÌ ¼þ¹è¸¦ ¹Þµå´Â ½ÅÀÚ¿´°í, ±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû °üÁ¡Àº ±×°¡ ±âµ¶±³ ½ÅÇп¡
¹¾î³õÀº °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù: ¡°³²ÀÚ°¡ ¿©ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¼Õ´ëÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ¸´Ï¶ó.¡± ¡°¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ³ª¿Í °°±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó³ë¶ó.¡±
¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î °áÈ¥ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ¿Í °úºÎµé¿¡°Ô ³»°¡ À̸£³ë´Ï, ³ªÃ³·³ Áö³»´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀúÈñ¿¡°Ô ÁÁÀ¸´Ï¶ó.¡± ¹Ù¿ïÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ
¿¹¼öÀÇ º¹À½ÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» Àß ¾Ë¾Ò°í, À̸¦ ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ Áø¼ú¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù, ¡°°è¸íÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çã¶ôÀ¸·Î¼
³»°¡ À̰ÍÀ» À̸£³ë¶ó.¡± ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿½É ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¿©ÀÚµéÀ» °æ½ÃÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ µüÇÑ °ÍÀº, ±×ÀÇ
°³ÀÎÀû ÀǰßÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ¼¼°è Á¾±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. õ¸·À» ¸¸µå´Â ±× ¼±»ýÀÇ Á¶¾ð¿¡ ±ÛÀÚ
±×´ë·Î ³Î¸® ¼øÁ¾ÇÑ´Ù¸é, Àηù´Â °©Àڱ⠿µÈ·ÓÁö ¸øÇÑ Á¾¸»¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª ÇÑ Á¾±³°¡ ¼º¿åÀ» ÀýÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¿¾
Á¾ÆÄ¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀº °áÈ¥°ú °¡Á¤, °ð »çȸÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âÃÊÀÌÀÚ Àΰ£À» Áøº¸½ÃŰ´Â ±âº» Á¦µµ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â ½Î¿òÀ¸·Î Á÷Á¢
À̲ö´Ù. ¸ðµç ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ½¢ÇÑ Á¾±³¿¡¼ µ¶½Å »çÁ¦ °è±ÞÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» Á¶ÀåÇß´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ³î·¡¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.
| It was only
natural that the cult of renunciation and humiliation should have
paid attention to sexual gratification. The continence cult originated
as a ritual among soldiers prior to engaging in battle; in later
days it became the practice of " saints. " This cult tolerated
marriage only as an evil lesser than fornication. Many of the world's
great religions have been adversely influenced by this ancient cult,
but none more markedly than Christianity. The Apostle Paul was a
devotee of this cult, and his personal views are reflected in the
teachings which he fastened onto Christian theology: "It is
good for a man not to touch a woman." "I would that all
men were even as I myself." "I say, therefore, to the
unmarried and widows, it is good for them to abide even as I."
Paul well knew that such teachings were not a part of Jesus' gospel,
and his acknowledgment of this is illustrated by his statement,
" I speak this by permission and not by commandment. "
But this cult led Paul to look down upon women. And the pity of
it all is that his personal opinions have long influenced the teachings
of a great world religion. If the advice of the tentmaker-teacher
were to be literally and universally obeyed, then would the human
race come to a sudden and inglorious end. Furthermore, the involvement
of a religion with the ancient continence cult leads directly to
a war against marriage and the home, society's veritable foundation
and the basic institution of human progress. And it is not to be
wondered at that all such beliefs fostered the formation of celibate
priesthoods in the many religions of various peoples. | |
89:3.7 (977.2)
¾ðÁ¨°¡ »ç¶÷Àº ¾î¶»°Ô ¹æÁ¾ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦, Æ÷½ÄÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼ ¿µ¾çÀ», ¹æÅÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ´©¸®´Â°¡ ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±Ø´ÜÀû ±Ø±â(кÐù)º¸´Ù, ÀÚÁ¦°¡ ÇൿÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ´õ ÁÁÀº Àΰ£Àû Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼ö´Â °áÄÚ ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÌ·± ºÎ´çÇÑ °üÁ¡À»
°¡¸£Ä¡Áöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| Someday man
should learn how to enjoy liberty without license, nourishment without
gluttony, and pleasure without debauchery. Self-control is a better
human policy of behavior regulation than is extreme self-denial.
Nor did Jesus ever teach these unreasonable views to his followers. |
89:4.1 (977.3) Á¾±³Àû Çå½ÅÀÇ ÀϺημ, Èñ»ýÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °æ°ÇÇÑ ÀǽÄó·³, °£´ÜÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö ±â¿øÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±Ç·Â ¾Õ¿¡ ÀýÇϰí, ½Åºñ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °¡¿îµ¥ °æ°ÇÈ÷ Âù¹ÌÇϴ ŵµ·Î ¾þµå·¯Áö´Â °æÇâÀÇ ÀüÁ¶(îñð¼)´Â °³°¡ ÁÖÀÎ ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¾Æ¾çºÎ¸®´Â µ¥¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ¼þ¹èÇÏ·Á´Â Ãæµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â Çൿ±îÁö´Â °Ü¿ì ÇÑ °ÉÀ½ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ±×°¡ Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â °ªÀ» ±×°¡ ¹Þ´Â °íÅëÀ¸·Î Àî´Ù. Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ü³äÀÌ Ã³À½ Á¾±³ ÀǽĿ¡ ´Þ¶óºÙ¾úÀ» ¶§, ¾ÆÇÄÀ» ³ºÁö ¾Ê´Â Çå¹°Àº Çϳªµµ °í·ÁµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. óÀ½ Èñ»ý¹°Àº ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ôÀ» »Ì°í, »ìÀ» º£¾î³»°í, Àý´ÜÇϰí, À̸¦ Ãļ »Ì°í, ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ» Àß¶ó ¹ö¸®´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ÇàÀ§¿´´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ Áøº¸ÇÏÀÚ, ÀÌ Åõ¹ÚÇÑ Èñ»ý °³³äµéÀº ÀÚ±â ÀýÁ¦, ±Ý¿åÁÖÀǤý±Ý½Ä¤ý±ÃÇÌÀÇ ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ) ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ½½Çİú °íÅë, Á¤¿å(ï×é¯)ÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ¼º½º·´°Ô ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³¸®·Î ³ôÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù. | 4. Origins of Sacrifice Sacrifice as a part of religious devotions, like many other worshipful rituals, did not have a simple and single origin. The tendency to bow down before power and to prostrate oneself in worshipful adoration in the presence of mystery is foreshadowed in the fawning of the dog before its master. It is but one step from the impulse of worship to the act of sacrifice. Primitive man gauged the value of his sacrifice by the pain which he suffered. When the idea of sacrifice first attached itself to religious ceremonial, no offering was contemplated which was not productive of pain. The first sacrifices were such acts as plucking hair, cutting the flesh, mutilations, knocking out teeth, and cutting off fingers. As civilization advanced, these crude concepts of sacrifice were elevated to the level of the rituals of self-abnegation, asceticism, fasting, deprivation, and the later Christian doctrine of sanctification through sorrow, suffering, and the mortification of the flesh. | |
89:4.2 (977.4)
Á¾±³ÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ µÎ °¡Áö Èñ»ý °³³äÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¼±¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ü³äÀº Ãß¼ö¸¦ °¨»çÇϴ ŵµ¸¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇß°í, ºú
°±´Â Èñ»ýÀº Á˰ªÀ» Ä¡¸¥´Ù´Â °ü³äÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ´ë¿ëǰ °³³äÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| Early in the
evolution of religion there existed two conceptions of the sacrifice:
the idea of the gift sacrifice, which connoted the attitude of thanksgiving,
and the debt sacrifice, which embraced the idea of redemption. Later
there developed the notion of substitution. | |
89:4.3 (977.5)
±×ÈÄ¿¡, »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ Èñ»ý¹°ÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼ºÁúÀ» °¡Á³µçÁö, Èñ»ý¹°Àº ½Åµé¿¡°Ô º¸³»´Â ¸»¾¸À» Áö´Ñ »çÀڷμ ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù°í
»ó»óÇß´Ù. Èñ»ý¹°Àº ½ÅÀÇ Ä౸¸Û¿¡ ´ÞÄÞÇÑ Çâ±â¿Í °°À» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Èñ»ý ÀǽĿ¡¼ Çâ°ú ±âŸ ¹ÌÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀ» ³º¾Ò°í,
±× ÀǽÄÀº Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ÀÜÄ¡·Î ¹ßÀüµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ ÀÜÄ¡´Â °¥¼ö·Ï ´õ °øµéÀ̰í È·ÁÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Man still later
conceived that his sacrifice of whatever nature might function as
a message bearer to the gods; it might be as a sweet savor in the
nostrils of deity. This brought incense and other aesthetic features
of sacrificial rituals which developed into sacrificial feasting,
in time becoming increasingly elaborate and ornate. | |
89:4.4 (978.1)
Á¾±³°¡ ÁøÈÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ÈÇØÇÏ°í ´Þ·¡´Â Èñ»ý ÀǽÄÀº, ȸÇÇ¿Í ±¸½½¸®±â¿Í ±Í½Å Âѱâ¿Í °°Àº ´õ ¿À·¡ µÈ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| As religion
evolved, the sacrificial rites of conciliation and propitiation
replaced the older methods of avoidance, placation, and exorcism. | |
89:4.5 (978.2)
ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Èñ»ý °ü³äÀº Á¶»óÀÇ ¿µµéÀÌ °øÆòÇÑ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÑ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀ̾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡¾ß ¼ÓÁË °ü³äÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. Á¾Á·ÀÇ ÁøÈÀû
±â¿øÀ» °¡Áø °³³äÀ» »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹þ¾î³²¿¡ µû¶ó¼, Ç༺ ¿µÁÖ ½ÃÀýÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú ¾Æ´ãÀÇ Ã¼Àç°¡ ¼¼¿ùÀÇ È帧À» ÅëÇØ °É·¯Áü¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
ÁË¿Í ¿øÁËÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ±×·¡¼ ¾î¼´Ù°¡ ÀúÁö¸¥ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èñ»ýÀº Á¾Á·ÀÇ Á˸¦ ´ë¼ÓÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©
Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ±³¸®·Î ÁøÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙÃÄ ´ë½Å °±´Â °ÍÀº, ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ½ÅÀÇ ºÐ°³½É°ú ÁúÅõÁ¶Â÷ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÃѰý
º¸Çè Á¶Ä¡¿´´Ù.
| The earliest
idea of the sacrifice was that of a neutrality assessment levied
by ancestral spirits; only later did the idea of atonement develop.
As man got away from the notion of the evolutionary origin of the
race, as the traditions of the days of the Planetary Prince and
the sojourn of Adam filtered down through time, the concept of sin
and of original sin became widespread, so that sacrifice for accidental
and personal sin evolved into the doctrine of sacrifice for the
atonement of racial sin. The atonement of the sacrifice was a blanket
insurance device which covered even the resentment and jealousy
of an unknown god. | |
89:4.6 (978.3)
½±°Ô ±âºÐ »óÇÏ´Â Çã´ÙÇÑ ¿µ°ú ¿å½É ºÎ¸®´Â ½Åµé¿¡ µÑ·¯½Î¿©¼, ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÌ Å« ¹«¸®ÀÇ ºúÀïÀÌ ½Åµé°ú ¾ó±¼À» ¸¶ÁÖÇϰí ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®¿¡, ±×ÀÇ ¿µÀû ºúÀ» °±´Â µ¥ ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ¸ðµç »çÁ¦¤ýÀǽĤýÈñ»ý¹°ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ¿øÁË ±³¸®, °ð Á¾Á·ÀÌ Á˰¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â
±³¸®´Â, »ç¶÷¸¶´Ù ¿µ ±Ç·ÂÀڵ鿡°Ô ¹«°Å¿î ºúÀ» Áö°í¼ ÀλýÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.
| Surrounded
by so many sensitive spirits and grasping gods, primitive man was
face to face with such a host of creditor deities that it required
all the priests, ritual, and sacrifices throughout an entire lifetime
to get him out of spiritual debt. The doctrine of original sin,
or racial guilt, started every person out in serious debt to the
spirit powers. | |
89:4.7 (978.4)
¼±¹°°ú ³ú¹°À» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½Åµé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾úÀ» ¶§ ¼±¹°°ú ³ú¹°Àº Çå½ÅÇϵçÁö °Å·èÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í À̾߱âÇß°í, ¶Ç´Â
Èñ»ý¹°À̶ó ºÒ·¶´Ù. ±Ø±â´Â ¼Ò±Ø ÇüÅ·Π½ÅÀ» ´Þ·¡´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í, Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº Àû±Ø ÇüŰ¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ÅÀ» ´Þ·¡´Â
ÇàÀ§´Â Âù¼ÛÇÏ°í ½ÅÀ» ¿µÈ·Ó°Ô Çϰí, ¾ÆÃ·ÇÏ°í ½ÅÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í±îÁöµµ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¾³¯¿¡ ½ÅÀ» ´Þ·¡´ø Á¾ÆÄÀÇ ÀÌ
Àû±ØÀû dz½ÀÀÇ ÀÜÀç°¡ Çö´ëÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿¹¹è ÇüŸ¦ ÀÌ·é´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¿¹¹è ÇüÅ´ ´Ù¸¸ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÅÀ» ´Þ·¡´Â ±â¼ú,
Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ÀÌ ¿¾ ±â¼úÀ» ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À¸·Î ¸¸µç °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| Gifts and
bribes are given to men; but when tendered to the gods, they are
described as being dedicated, made sacred, or are called sacrifices.
Renunciation was the negative form of propitiation; sacrifice became
the positive form. The act of propitiation included praise, glorification,
flattery, and even entertainment. And it is the remnants of these
positive practices of the olden propitiation cult that constitute
the modern forms of divine worship. Present-day forms of worship
are simply the ritualization of these ancient sacrificial techniques
of positive propitiation. | |
89:4.8 (978.5)
µ¿¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº Çö´ë Á¾Á·µé¿¡°Ô ÀÏÂïÀÌ ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿ø½ÃÀο¡°Ô Áß¿äÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì°³ÀÎÀº µ¿¹°À»
½ÇÁ¦ ģô, °¡±î¿î ģôÀ¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ, »ç¶÷Àº Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â µ¥ ¾à»è»¡¶óÁ³°í, ÀÏÇÏ´Â µ¿¹° ¹ÙÄ¡±â¸¦
±×ÃÆ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â ±æµéÀÎ µ¿¹°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ¹°°ÇÀ» µå¸®´õ¶óµµ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ» ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù.
| Animal sacrifice
meant much more to primitive man than it could ever mean to modern
races. These barbarians regarded the animals as their actual and
near kin. As time passed, man became shrewd in his sacrificing,
ceasing to offer up his work animals. At first he sacrificed the
best of everything, including his domesticated animals. | |
89:4.9 (978.6)
¾î¶² ¿¡ÁýÆ® ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ°¡ ´ÙÀ½À» ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù°í ÇßÀ» ¶§, ºó ¸»·Î ÀÚ¶ûÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: ³ë¿¹ 113,433¸í, ¼Û¾ÆÁö 493,386¸¶¸®,
¹è 88ô, ±Ý ¿ì»ó 2756°³, ²Ü°ú ±â¸§ 331,702Ç׾Ƹ®, Æ÷µµÁÖ 228,380Ç׾Ƹ®, °ÅÀ§ 680,714¸¶¸®,
»§ 6,744,428µ¢¾î¸®, µ¿Àü 5,740,352ÀÚ·ç. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ±×´Â ¶¡È긮´Â ¹é¼ºµé¿¡°Ô ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¹«°Ì°Ô ºÎ°úÇØ¾ß
Çß´Ù.
| It was no
empty boast that a certain Egyptian ruler made when he stated that
he had sacrificed: 113,433 slaves, 493,386 head of cattle, 88 boats,
2,756 golden images, 331,702 jars of honey and oil, 228,380 jars
of wine, 680,714 geese, 6,744,428 loaves of bread, and 5,740,352
sacks of coin. And in order to do this he must needs have sorely
taxed his toiling subjects. | |
89:4.10 (978.7)
½ÅµéÀÌ Èñ»ý¹°ÀÇ È¥À» Áñ°åÀ¸´Ï±î ¼øÀüÇÑ Çʿ䰡 ±Ã±Ø¿¡´Â ÀÌ ¹Ý¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹ÙÄ£ Èñ»ý¹°ÀÇ ¹°Áú ºÎºÐÀ» ¸Ô°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.
¿¾Àû¿¡ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ½Ä»ç, Çö´ëÀÇ Åë·Ê¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¼ºÂù½ÄÀ̶ó´Â ±¸½Ç·Î, ÀÌ °ü½ÀÀº Á¤´çȵǾú´Ù.
| Sheer necessity
eventually drove these semisavages to eat the material part of their
sacrifices, the gods having enjoyed the soul thereof. And this custom
found justification under the pretense of the ancient sacred meal,
a communion service according to modern usage. |
89:5.1 (978.8) ¿¾Àû¿¡ »ç¶÷À» Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´ø dz½À¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çö´ëÀÇ °³³äÀº Åë°·Î Ʋ¸®´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿¾ »çȸÀÇ µµ´ö °ü½ÀÀÇ ÀϺο´´Ù. Çö´ë ¹®¸í¿¡´Â ½ÄÀÎ(ãÝìÑ) dz½ÀÀÌ ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î ²ûÂïÇØµµ, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ø½Ã »çȸ¿¡¼ »çȸ ¹× Á¾±³ ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ÀϺο´´Ù. Áý´ÜÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀº ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀ» °¿äÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÇÊ¿äÀÇ Ãæµ¿À» ÅëÇØ¼ ÀÚ¶ú°í, ¹Ì½Å°ú ¹«Áö¿¡ ³ë¿¹°¡ µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. »çȸ¤ý°æÁ¦¤ýÁ¾±³¤ý±º»çÀû °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
| 5. Sacrifices and Cannibalism Modern ideas of early cannibalism are entirely wrong; it was a part of the mores of early society. While cannibalism is traditionally horrible to modern civilization, it was a part of the social and religious structure of primitive society. Group interests dictated the practice of cannibalism. It grew up through the urge of necessity and persisted because of the slavery of superstition and ignorance. It was a social, economic, religious, and military custom. | |
89:5.2 (979.1)
¿ø½Ã Àΰ£Àº ½ÄÀÎÀÚ¿´°í, »ç¶÷ÀÇ °í±â¸¦ Áñ°å´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¿µ°ú ±×°¡ ¼¶±â´Â ¿ø½ÃÀû ½Åµé¿¡°Ô ¸Ô´Â ¼±¹°·Î¼ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °í±â¸¦
¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. ±Í½Å ¿µÀÌ ´ÜÁö ¸ð½ÀÀÌ º¯ÈµÈ »ç¶÷À̾ú°í, ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °¡Àå Å« Çʿ俴±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¸ÔÀ»
°ÍÀº ¿µ¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Early man
was a cannibal; he enjoyed human flesh, and therefore he offered
it as a food gift to the spirits and his primitive gods. Since ghost
spirits were merely modified men, and since food was man's greatest
need, then food must likewise be a spirit's greatest need. | |
89:5.3 (979.2)
½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº ÁøÈµÈ ¹ÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ÇѶ§ °ÅÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÛÁ³´Ù. »ê±ã Á·¼ÓÀº ¸ðµÎ ½ÄÀÎÁ¾À̾úÀ¸³ª, ÃÖÃÊ¿¡ ¾Èµ· Á·¼ÓÀº
±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ³ò Á·¼Ó°ú ¾Æ´ã Á·¼Óµµ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÁøÈ Á¾Á·µé°ú Å©°Ô ¼¯À̱â±îÁö ¾Èµå Á·¼Óµµ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| Cannibalism
was once well-nigh universal among the evolving races. The Sangiks
were all cannibalistic, but originally the Andonites were not, nor
were the Nodites and Adamites; neither were the Andites until after
they had become grossly admixed with the evolutionary races. | |
89:5.4 (979.3)
»ç¶÷ °í±â¿¡ ¸ÀÀ» µéÀÌ¸é ±× ÀÔ¸ÀÀº ÀÚ¶õ´Ù. ±¾ÁÖ¸²À̳ª ¿ìÁ¤À̳ª º¹¼ö³ª Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ½ÃÀÛµÇ°í ³ª¼, »ç¶÷ÀÇ
»ìÀ» ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀº ¹ö¸©µÈ ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀ¸·Î °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù. »ç¶÷À» ¸Ô´Â ÀÏÀº ½Ä·®ÀÌ ¸ðÀÚ¶ó¼ »ý°å´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀÌ ±Ùº»Àû ÀÌÀ¯¿´´ø
ÀûÀº µå¹°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¡½ºÅ°¸ðÀΰú ÃʱâÀÇ ¾Èµ· Á·¼ÓÀº ±â±ÙÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, »ç¶÷ÀÇ °í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀº ÀûÀÌ µå¹°´Ù.
È«ÀÎÀº, ƯÈ÷ Áß¾Ó ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼, ½ÄÀÎÁ¾À̾ú´Ù. ÇѶ§´Â ¿ø½ÃÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ¹è´À¶ó°í ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ±â¿îÀ» µÇãÀ¸·Á°í
Á¦ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÏ¹Ý Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú°í, ÄýÁî·£µå¿¡¼ ù ¾ÆÀÌ´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌ·¸°Ô Á×À½À» ´çÇϰí Àâ¾Æ¸ÔÈ÷´Â ÀÏÀÌ ºó¹øÇÏ´Ù.
±Ù´ë¿¡´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎÁ·ÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀüÀï Á¶Ä¡·Î¼, ÀÚ±â ÀÌ¿ôµéÀ» ¹«¼¿ö ¶³°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ²ûÂïÇÑ ÁþÀ¸·Î¼,
½ÄÀΠdz½À¿¡ ÀϺη¯ ÀÇÁ¸Çß´Ù.
| The taste for
human flesh grows. Having been started through hunger, friendship,
revenge, or religious ritual, the eating of human flesh goes on
to habitual cannibalism. Man-eating has arisen through food scarcity,
though this has seldom been the underlying reason. The Eskimos and
early Andonites, however, seldom were cannibalistic except in times
of famine. The red men, especially in Central America, were cannibals.
It was once a general practice for primitive mothers to kill and
eat their own children in order to renew the strength lost in childbearing,
and in Queensland the first child is still frequently thus killed
and devoured. In recent times cannibalism has been deliberately
resorted to by many African tribes as a war measure, a sort of frightfulness
with which to terrorize their neighbors. | |
89:5.5 (979.4)
½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº ´õ·¯ ÇѶ§ ¿ì¼öÇß´ø ÇÍÁÙÀÌ ÅðÈÇÔÀ¸·Î »ý°åÁö¸¸, ´ëü·Î ÁøÈ Á¾Á·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ À¯ÇàÇß´Ù. »ç¶÷ Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â
°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àû¿¡°Ô ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°í ¸ðÁø °¨Á¤À» ´À²¼À» ¶§ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ °í±â¸¦ ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀº ¾ö¼÷ÇÑ º¹¼ö(Ý¥âÂ) ¿¹½ÄÀÇ
ÀϺΰ¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀûÀÇ ±Í½ÅÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁöµçÁö ¶Ç´Â Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Í½Å°ú À¶ÇÕµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¸¶¹ý»çµéÀÌ
»ç¶÷ °í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀ½À¸·Î ±Ç´ÉÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù´Â °ü³äÀÌ ÇѶ§ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ³´Ù.
| Some cannibalism
resulted from the degeneration of once superior stocks, but it was
mostly prevalent among the evolutionary races. Man-eating came on
at a time when men experienced intense and bitter emotions regarding
their enemies. Eating human flesh became part of a solemn ceremony
of revenge; it was believed that an enemy's ghost could, in this
way, be destroyed or fused with that of the eater. It was once a
widespread belief that wizards attained their powers by eating human
flesh. | |
89:5.6 (979.5)
»ç¶÷À» Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â ¾î¶² Áý´ÜÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ±â³× ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷¸¸ ¸Ô°ï Çß´Ù. ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ °ÅÁþµÈ ¿µÀû ±ÙÄ£ ±³¹è¿´´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ºÎÁ·ÀÇ
´Ü°áÀ» °ÈÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̵éÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀûÀÇ ÈûÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â´Ù´Â »ý°¢À¸·Î ¾Ó°±À½ÇÏ·Á°í ÀûµéÀ» ¸Ô¾îÄ¡¿ü´Ù. Ä£±¸³ª
µ¿·á ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸öÀ» ¸Ô´Â´Ù¸é ±×ÀÇ È¥¿¡°Ô ¸í¿¹¸¦ µ¹¸®´Â °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢µÇ¾ú°í, ÇÑÆí ÀÌó·³ ÀûÀ» ¸Ô¾îÄ¡¿ì´Â °ÍÀº Àû¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¸¶¶¥ÇÑ Â¡¹ú¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®´Â ¾Æ¿¹ Àϰü¼ºÀ» ã´Â Çã¼¼¸¦ ºÎ¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| Certain groups
of man-eaters would consume only members of their own tribes, a
pseudospiritual inbreeding which was supposed to accentuate tribal
solidarity. But they also ate enemies for revenge with the idea
of appropriating their strength. It was considered an honor to the
soul of a friend or fellow tribesman if his body were eaten, while
it was no more than just punishment to an enemy thus to devour him.
The savage mind made no pretensions to being consistent. | |
89:5.7 (979.6)
¾î¶² ºÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ´ÄÀº ºÎ¸ð´Â ÀÚ±â Àڽĵ鿡°Ô ¸ÔÈ÷·Á°í ¾Ö½è°í, ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼´Â °¡±î¿î ģô Àâ¾Æ¸Ô±â¸¦
»ï°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¸öÀº ÆÈ°Å³ª ³¸¼± »ç¶÷ÀÇ °Í°ú ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. µµ»ìÇÏ·Á°í »ìÂî¿î ¿©ÀÚ¿Í ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ÆÄ´Â »ó´çÇÑ
»ó¾÷ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º´À̳ª ÀüÀïÀÌ Àα¸¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ ¶§, ³²´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¿¹½Äµµ Â÷¸®Áö ¾Ê°í Àâ¾Æ¸ÔÇû´Ù.
| Among some
tribes aged parents would seek to be eaten by their children; among
others it was customary to refrain from eating near relations; their
bodies were sold or exchanged for those of strangers. There was
considerable commerce in women and children who had been fattened
for slaughter. When disease or war failed to control population,
the surplus was unceremoniously eaten. | |
89:5.8 (979.7)
½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº ´ÙÀ½ ¿µÇâ ¶§¹®¿¡ Â÷Ãû »ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù:
| Cannibalism
has been gradually disappearing because of the following influences:
| |
89:5.9 (979.8)
1. ¶§¶§·Î ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀÌ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ¿¹½Ä, °ð µ¿·á ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô »çÇü(ÞÝúý)ÀÇ ¹úÀ» ³»¸®±â À§ÇÏ¿© Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î Ã¥ÀÓ ¸Ã´Â
°ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÇ È기 ÁË´Â ¸ðµÎ°¡, »çȸ°¡ Âü¿©ÇßÀ» ¶§ ¹üÁ˰¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¸¶Áö¸· ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº ÁýÇàÀÌ
³¡³ ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸Ô¾îÄ¡¿ì´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
| It sometimes
became a communal ceremony, the assumption of collective responsibility
for inflicting the death penalty upon a fellow tribesman. The blood
guilt ceases to be a crime when participated in by all, by society.
The last of cannibalism in Asia was this eating of executed criminals.
| |
89:5.10 (979.9) 2. ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀÌ µÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ±Í½Å °øÆ÷ÁõÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶÷À» ¸Ô´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°¡µµ·Ï ÀÛ¿ëÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. | It very early
became a religious ritual, but the growth of ghost fear did not
always operate to reduce man-eating. | |
89:5.11 (979.10)
3. °á±¹ ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº ¸ö¿¡¼ °Ü¿ì ¾î¶² ºÎºÐÀ̳ª ³»ÀåÀ» ¸Ô´Â µ¥±îÁö Áøº¸Çß°í, À̰͵éÀº È¥À» ´ã°Å³ª ¿µ ºÎºÐÀ» ´ã°í
ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½Ã´Â °ÍÀº ÈçÇß°í, ¸ö¿¡¼ ¡°¸ÔÀ» ¼ö Àִ¡± ºÎºÐÀ» ¾à°ú ÇÔ²² ¼¯´Â °ÍÀÌ °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Eventually
it progressed to the point where only certain parts or organs of
the body were eaten, those parts supposed to contain the soul or
portions of the spirit. Blood drinking became common, and it was
customary to mix the "edible" parts of the body with medicines.
| |
89:5.12 (980.1)
4. ³²ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±¹ÇѵǾú°í, ¿©ÀÚ´Â »ç¶÷ °í±â¸¦ ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù.
| It became
limited to men; women were forbidden to eat human flesh. | |
89:5.13 (980.2)
5. ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ÃßÀå¤ý»çÁ¦¤ýÁÖ¼ú»ç¿¡°Ô ±¹ÇѵǾú´Ù.
| It was next
limited to the chiefs, priests, and shamans. | |
89:5.14 (980.3)
6. ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀº »ó±Þ ºÎÁ· »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±Ý±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷À» ¸ÔÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ±Ý±â´Â ´Þ¶ó¸¶½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í,
õõÈ÷ ¼¼°è¿¡ ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ÇѶ§ ÆÄ¹¯Àº ½Ãü¸¦ ÆÄ³»¼ ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀÌ ÈçÇÑ °ü½ÀÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ³ò Á·¼ÓÀº ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀ» ÅðÄ¡ÇÏ´Â
¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ ÈÀå(ûýí÷)À» ±ÇÀåÇß´Ù.
| Then it became
taboo among the higher tribes. The taboo on man-eating originated
in Dalamatia and slowly spread over the world. The Nodites encouraged
cremation as a means of combating cannibalism since it was once
a common practice to dig up buried bodies and eat them. | |
89:5.15 (980.4)
7. »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº ½ÄÀΠdz½À¿¡ ¸¶Áö¸· Á¾À» ¿ï·È´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ °í±â°¡ ¿ì¼öÇÑ »ç¶÷, ÃßÀåµéÀÇ ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ
µÇ¾úÀ¸´Ï±î, ±×°ÍÀº °á±¹ ´õ¿í ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¿µµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿¹ºñµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ³·Àº ºÎÁ·µéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, ÀÌó·³ »ç¶÷À»
Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀ» ±×Ä¡°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡±â°¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÀÚ¸®Àâ¾ÒÀ» ¶§, »ç¶÷ Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â
°ÍÀº ±Ý±â°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, Àΰ£ÀÇ »ìÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ½ÅµéÀÇ ¸ÔÀ» °Å¸®¿´´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº °Ü¿ì ¿¹½Ä¿¡¼ ÀÛÀº ºÎ½º·¯±â, ¼ºÂù(á¡óÉ)À»
¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Human sacrifice
sounded the death knell of cannibalism. Human flesh having become
the food of superior men, the chiefs, it was eventually reserved
for the still more superior spirits; and thus the offering of human
sacrifices effectively put a stop to cannibalism, except among the
lowest tribes. When human sacrifice was fully established, man-eating
became taboo; human flesh was food only for the gods; man could
eat only a small ceremonial bit, a sacrament. | |
89:5.16 (980.5)
¸¶Ä§³», Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿¹° ´ë¿ëǰÀÌ ³Î¸® ¾²ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ´õ µÚ¶³¾îÁø ºÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼µµ °³ Àâ¾Æ¸Ô±â´Â »ç¶÷
Àâ¾Æ¸Ô±â¸¦ Å©°Ô ÁÙ¿´´Ù. °³´Â óÀ½¿¡ ±æµéÀÎ µ¿¹°À̾ú°í, ±× ÀÚü·Î¼, ±×¸®°í ¸ÔÀ»°Å¸®·Î¼ ³ôÀÌ ÃÄÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Finally animal
substitutes came into general use for sacrificial purposes, and
even among the more backward tribes dog-eating greatly reduced man-eating.
The dog was the first domesticated animal and was held in high esteem
both as such and as food. |
89:6.1 (980.6) »ç¶÷ Á¦¹°Àº ½ÄÀΠdz½ÀÀ» °íÄ¡´Â ó¹æÀÏ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× °£Á¢ °á°ú¿´´Ù. ¿µ ¼¼°è±îÁö È£¼ÛÇÏ´Â ¿µÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷ Àâ¾Æ¸Ô±â¸¦ ÁÙ¾îµé°Ô Çߴµ¥, Á׿©¼ ¹ÙÄ£ ÀÌ Èñ»ý¹°À» ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀº dz½ÀÀÌ µÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² ÇüÅ·Π¾î´À ¶§Àΰ¡, »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ü½À¿¡ ÀüÇô ºüÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹ÎÁ·Àº Çϳªµµ ¾ø´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Èµ· ¤ý³ò¤ý¾Æ´ã Á·¼ÓÀº ½ÄÀΠdz½À¿¡ °¡Àå Àû°Ô ¹°µé¾ú´Ù.
| 6. Evolution of Human Sacrifice Human sacrifice was an indirect result of cannibalism as well as its cure. Providing spirit escorts to the spirit world also led to the lessening of man-eating as it was never the custom to eat these death sacrifices. No race has been entirely free from the practice of human sacrifice in some form and at some time, even though the Andonites, Nodites, and Adamites were the least addicted to cannibalism. | |
89:6.2 (980.7)
»ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº °ÅÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀº Áß±¹ÀΤýÈùµÎÀΤý¿¡ÁýÆ®ÀΤýÈ÷ºê¸®ÀΤý¸Þ¼ÒÆ÷Ÿ¹Ì¾ÆÀΤý±×¸®½ºÀΤý·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÇ
Á¾±³ °ü½À¿¡¼ Áö¼ÓÇÏ¿´°í, ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·, µÚ¶³¾îÁø ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¹× ¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¸®¾Æ ºÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¿äÁò±îÁöµµ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àεð¾ÈÀº ½ÄÀÎ(ãÝìÑ) dz½À¿¡¼ ÅÂ¾î³ ¹®¸íÀ» °¡Á³°í, µû¶ó¼ ƯÈ÷ Áß¾Ó ¹× ³² ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ »ç¶÷À»
Àâ¾Æ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â dz½À¿¡ Èì»¶ Á¥¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °¥´ë¾ÆÀÎÀº º¸Åë °èÁ¦¿¡ »ç¶÷ ¹ÙÄ¡±â¸¦ óÀ½À¸·Î ¹ö¸° »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¼ÓÇß°í, µ¿¹°·Î
´ë½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾à 2õ ³â Àü¿¡ ÀϺ»¿¡ ¸¶À½¾¾ °í¿î ¾î´À ȲÁ¦´Â »ç¶÷ Àâ¾Æ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ·Á°í ÁøÈë Çü»óÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷ ¹ÙÄ¡±â°¡ ºÏ À¯·´¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁø °ÍÀº 1õ ³âÀÌ Ã¤ ¾È µÈ´Ù. ¾î¶² µÚ¶³¾îÁø ºÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼´Â ÀÚ¿øÇÏ´Â
ÀÚµéÀÌ »ç¶÷ ¹ÙÄ¡±â¸¦ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÇàÇϴµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÚ»ìÀ̳ª ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ»ìÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇѶ§ ¾î´À
»þ¸ÕÀÌ ¾î¶² ºÎÁ·¿¡¼ Å©°Ô Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â ÇÑ ³ëÀÎÀ» ¹ÙÄ¡¶ó°í ½ÃÄ×´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹ÝÇ×Çß°í, º¹Á¾ÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô
µÇÀÚ ±× ³ëÀÎÀº ¾Æµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÚ½ÅÀ» º¸³»°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ÀÌ °ü½ÀÀ» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
| Human sacrifice
has been virtually universal; it persisted in the religious customs
of the Chinese, Hindus, Egyptians, Hebrews, Mesopotamians, Greeks,
Romans, and many other peoples, even on to recent times among the
backward African and Australian tribes. The later American Indians
had a civilization emerging from cannibalism and, therefore, steeped
in human sacrifice, especially in Central and South America. The
Chaldeans were among the first to abandon the sacrificing of humans
for ordinary occasions, substituting therefor animals. About two
thousand years ago a tenderhearted Japanese emperor introduced clay
images to take the place of human sacrifices, but it was less than
a thousand years ago that these sacrifices died out in northern
Europe. Among certain backward tribes, human sacrifice is still
carried on by volunteers, a sort of religious or ritual suicide.
A shaman once ordered the sacrifice of a much respected old man
of a certain tribe. The people revolted; they refused to obey. Whereupon
the old man had his own son dispatch him; the ancients really believed
in this custom. | |
89:6.3 (980.8)
¿¹º×´Ù¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¿Üµþ¿¡ °üÇÑ, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ À̾߱⺸´Ù ´õ ºñ±ØÀÌ°í ¾Öó·Î¿î üÇèÀº ±â·Ï¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿À·¡
µÇ°í ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ ÁöÄÑ ¿Â Á¾±³ °ü½À°ú Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â ¿ä±¸ »çÀÌ¿¡ »ý±ä, °¡½¿ ¾ÆÇ ½Î¿òÀ» Àß ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. º¸Åë
°ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù½ÃÇÇ, ÁÁÀº Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áø ÀÌ »ç¶÷Àº ¾î¸®¼®Àº ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ¿´°í, ÀûµéÀ» À̱â´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² °ªÀ» Ä¡¸£°Ú´Ù°í
Âù¼ºÇÏ¸é¼ ¡°ÀüÀïÀÇ ½Å¡±°ú Çù»óÇß´Ù. ÀÌ °ªÀº ÁýÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Ã ¶§ ±×¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ·Á°í Áý¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ³ª¿À´Â ÀÚ¸¦ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹º×´Ù´Â Ãæ½ÇÇÑ Á¾µé °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±×¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ·Á°í °¡±îÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó »ý°¢ÇßÀ¸³ª, ¾Ë°í º¸´Ï Çϳª¹Û¿¡
¾ø´Â ¿Üµ¿µþÀÌ ±×¸¦ ÁýÀ¸·Î ¸Â¾ÆµéÀÌ·Á°í ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×·¸°Ô ±Ù·¡ÀÇ ½ÃÀý¿¡µµ, ¹®¸íȵǾú´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ ¹ÎÁ· »çÀÌ¿¡¼,
µÎ ´Þ µ¿¾È Á¦ ¿î¸íÀ» ½½ÆÛÇÑ µÚ¿¡ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼Ò³à¸¦, ±× µ¿Æ÷ ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Âù¼ºÀ» ¾ò°í¼, »ç¶÷ Á¦¹°·Î
½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡Áö ¸»¶ó°í ¸ð¼¼°¡ ¾öÇÏ°Ô ¸í·ÉÇÑ ¸¶´ç¿¡ ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀÏÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³²ÀÚ¿Í
¿©ÀÚ´Â ¹Ùº¸ °°°í ¾µµ¥¾ø´Â ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ºüÁö¸ç, ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼¾àÀ» ¹«Ã´ °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ¿©°å´Ù.
| There is no
more tragic and pathetic experience on record, illustrative of the
heart-tearing contentions between ancient and time-honored religious
customs and the contrary demands of advancing civilization, than
the Hebrew narrative of Jephthah and his only daughter. As was common
custom, this well-meaning man had made a foolish vow, had bargained
with the "god of battles," agreeing to pay a certain price
for victory over his enemies. And this price was to make a sacrifice
of that which first came out of his house to meet him when he returned
to his home. Jephthah thought that one of his trusty slaves would
thus be on hand to greet him, but it turned out that his daughter
and only child came out to welcome him home. And so, even at that
late date and among a supposedly civilized people, this beautiful
maiden, after two months to mourn her fate, was actually offered
as a human sacrifice by her father, and with the approval of his
fellow tribesmen. And all this was done in the face of Moses' stringent
rulings against the offering of human sacrifice. But men and women
are addicted to making foolish and needless vows, and the men of
old held all such pledges to be highly sacred. | |
89:6.4 (981.1)
¿¾ ½ÃÀý¿¡´Â ¾ó¸¶Å Áß¿äÇÑ »õ °Ç¹°À» Áþ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§, ¡°±âÃÊ¿¡ ³Ö´Â Á¦¹°¡±·Î¼ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
À̰ÍÀº ±× ±¸Á¶¹°À» °¨½ÃÇÏ°í º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ±Í½Å ¿µÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÎÀÌ ¼í¹°À» ºÎ¾î Á¾À» ¸¸µé·Á°í ÁغñÇßÀ» ¶§,
dz½ÀÀº Á¾ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ÁÁ°Ô ¸¸µé·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¾îµµ ¼Ò³à Çϳª¸¦ ¹ÙÃÄ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸íÇß´Ù. »ÌÈù ¼Ò³à´Â »ê ä·Î ³ìÀº ¼í¹°
¼ÓÀ¸·Î ´øÁ®Á³´Ù.
| In olden times,
when a new building of any importance was started, it was customary
to slay a human being as a "foundation sacrifice." This
provided a ghost spirit to watch over and protect the structure.
When the Chinese made ready to cast a bell, custom decreed the sacrifice
of at least one maiden for the purpose of improving the tone of
the bell; the girl chosen was thrown alive into the molten metal. | |
89:6.5 (981.2)
³ë¿¹¸¦ »ê ä·Î ³Ö°í Áß¿äÇÑ ´ãÀ» ¼¼¿ì´Â °ÍÀº ¸¹Àº ¹«¸®°¡ ¿À·§µ¿¾È °¡Á³´ø °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ºÏ À¯·´ ºÎÁ·µéÀº »õ
°Ç¹°ÀÇ ´ã ¼Ó¿¡ »ê »ç¶÷À» ÆÄ¹¯´Â ÀÌ °ü½À ´ë½Å¿¡, Áö³ª°¡´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ´ã ¼Ó¿¡ ³Ö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ãÄ¡¿ü´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÎÀº
´ãÀ» ½×´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ Á×Àº Àϲ۵éÀ» ´ã ¼Ó¿¡ ¹¯¾ú´Ù.
| It was long
the practice of many groups to build slaves alive into important
walls. In later times the northern European tribes substituted the
walling in of the shadow of a passerby for this custom of entombing
living persons in the walls of new buildings. The Chinese buried
in a wall those workmen who died while constructing it. | |
89:6.6 (981.3)
ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÇ ¾î´À ´ë´ÜÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº ÀÓ±ÝÀº ¿¹¸®°í ´ãÀ» ¼¼¿ì¸é¼ ¡°±×ÀÇ ¸º¾Æµé ¾Æºñ¶÷À» ÀÒ°í ±× ±âÃʸ¦ ¼¼¿ü°í, ¸·³»¾Æµé
¼¼±ÁÀ» ÀÒ°í ±× ´ë¹®µéÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù.¡±[1] ±×·± ±Ù·¡ÀÇ ½ÃÀý¿¡, ÀÌ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ±× µµ½ÃÀÇ ´ë¹®ÀÇ ±âÃÊ ±¸¸Û¿¡ µÎ ¾ÆµéÀ»
»ê ä·Î ³Ö¾úÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×ÀÇ ÇൿÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¡°ÁÖÀÇ ¸»¾¸À» µû¸¥¡± °ÍÀ̶ó°í ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸ð¼¼´Â ±âÃÊ¿¡ ÀÌ Á¦¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â
°ÍÀ» ±ÝÇßÁö¸¸, À̽º¶ó¿¤ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°¡ Á×°í ³ª¼ °ð ÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù. Àå½Å±¸¿Í ±â³äǰÀ» »õ °Ç¹°ÀÇ Ãʼ® ¼Ó¿¡
Áý¾î³Ö´Â 20¼¼±â ¿¹½ÄÀº ¿ø½ÃÀÇ ±âÃÊ Á¦¹°À» »ý°¢³ª°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[1] ±¸¾à¼º°æ ¿¿Õ±â»ó 16Àå 34Àý. | A petty king
in Palestine, in building the walls of Jericho, "laid the foundation
thereof in Abiram, his first-born, and set up the gates thereof
in his youngest son, Segub." At that late date, not only did
this father put two of his sons alive in the foundation holes of
the city's gates, but his action is also recorded as being "according
to the word of the Lord." Moses had forbidden these foundation
sacrifices, but the Israelites reverted to them soon after his death.
The twentieth-century ceremony of depositing trinkets and keepsakes
in the cornerstone of a new building is reminiscent of the primitive
foundation sacrifices. | |
89:6.7 (981.4)
ù ¿¸Å¸¦ ¿µµé¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¿©·¯ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â À̸¦ ÁöŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶Å »ó¡ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¸ðµÎ°¡
»ç¶÷À» Àâ¾Æ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ¿¾³¯ ¿¹½ÄÀÇ ÀÜÀçÀÌ´Ù. ù ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ£´Ù´Â »ý°¢Àº ¿¾ »ç¶÷µé, ƯÈ÷ Æä´ÏŰ¾ÆÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ³Î¸®
ÆÛÁ³°í, À̵éÀº ±× »ý°¢À» ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¹ö¸° ÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù. Á¦¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡¸é¼ ¡°¸ñ¼û ´ë½Å¿¡ ¸ñ¼ûÀ»¡±ÇÏ°í ¸»Çϰï Çß´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â
»ç¶÷ÀÌ Á×¾úÀ» ¶§ ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¡°Æ¼²ø¿¡¼ Ƽ²ø·Î¡±ÇÏ°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
| It was long
the custom of many peoples to dedicate the first fruits to the spirits.
And these observances, now more or less symbolic, are all survivals
of the early ceremonies involving human sacrifice. The idea of offering
the first-born as a sacrifice was widespread among the ancients,
especially among the Phoenicians, who were the last to give it up.
It used to be said upon sacrificing, "life for life."
Now you say at death, "dust to dust." | |
89:6.8 (981.5)
¾Æºê¶óÇÔÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸øÇØ ¾Æµé ÀÌ»èÀ» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ±¤°æÀº, ¹®¸íÈµÈ °¨¼ö¼º¿¡ Ãæ°ÝÀÌÁö¸¸, ±× ½Ã´ë »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »õ·Ó°Å³ª ÀÌ»óÇÑ
°ü³äÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ Å« °¨Á¤ÀÇ ¾Ð¹ÚÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¶§, ù ¾ÆµéÀ» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È À¯ÇàÇÑ Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ
ÀÌ À̾߱â¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÀüÅëÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥, ¹«½¼ µå¹°°Å³ª Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ »ý°åÀ» ¶§ »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â,
¼¼°è¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø ±íÀº °ü³äÀÌ ÇѶ§ Á¸ÀçÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
| The spectacle
of Abraham constrained to sacrifice his son Isaac, while shocking
to civilized susceptibilities, was not a new or strange idea to
the men of those days. It was long a prevalent practice for fathers,
at times of great emotional stress, to sacrifice their first-born
sons. Many peoples have a tradition analogous to this story, for
there once existed a world-wide and profound belief that it was
necessary to offer a human sacrifice when anything extraordinary
or unusual happened. |
89:7.1 (981.6) ¸ð¼¼´Â »ç¶÷À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Â ¸ö°ªÀ» °³½ÃÇÔÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷ ¹ÙÄ¡´Â dz½ÀÀ» ³¡³»·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Ù. ±×´Â ±× ¹ÎÁ·À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÇ ¼º±ÞÇÏ°í ¾î¸®¼®Àº ¸Í¼¼ÀÇ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µç ü°èÀû °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù. È®Á¤µÈ ¿ä±Ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ¶¥°ú Àç»ê°ú ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ±¸Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ¿ä±ÝÀ» »çÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ù ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Àâ¾Æ ¹ÙÄ¡±â¸¦ ±×¸¸µÐ ¹«¸®µéÀº, ÀÌ ²ûÂïÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ °è¼ÓÇÑ µÚóÁø ÀÌ¿ôº¸´Ù Å« ÀÌÁ¡À» °ð °¡Á³´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ µÚ¶³¾îÁø ¸¹Àº ºÎÁ·Àº ¾ÆµéµéÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀÒ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Å©°Ô ¾àȵǾúÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÁöµµÃþÀÇ °è½ÂÁ¶Â÷µµ °¡²û ²÷¾îÁ³´Ù.
| 7. Modifications of Human Sacrifice Moses attempted to end human sacrifices by inaugurating the ransom as a substitute. He established a systematic schedule which enabled his people to escape the worst results of their rash and foolish vows. Lands, properties, and children could be redeemed according to the established fees, which were payable to the priests. Those groups which ceased to sacrifice their first-born soon possessed great advantages over less advanced neighbors who continued these atrocious acts. Many such backward tribes were not only greatly weakened by this loss of sons, but even the succession of leadership was often broken. | |
89:7.2 (982.1)
ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ ¾ÆÀÌ ¹ÙÄ¡±âÀÇ ºÎ»ê¹°Àº ù ¾ÆÀ̸¦ º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ Áý ¹®¼³ÁÖ¿¡ ÇǸ¦ ¹®Áö¸£´Â dz½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ÇÑ ÇØÀÇ
½Å¼ºÇÑ ÃàÁ¦ÀÇ Çϳª¿Í ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© ÀÚÁÖ ÇàÇß°í, ÀÌ ¿¹½ÄÀº ÇѶ§ ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿¡¼ ¿¡ÁýÆ®¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¼¼°èÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡¼ À¯ÇàÇß´Ù.
| An outgrowth
of the passing child sacrifice was the custom of smearing blood
on the house doorposts for the protection of the first-born. This
was often done in connection with one of the sacred feasts of the
year, and this ceremony once obtained over most of the world from
Mexico to Egypt. | |
89:7.3 (982.2)
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Áý´ÜÀÌ ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» Àâ¾ÆÁ×À̱⸦ ±×¸¸µÐ µÚ¿¡µµ, °«³¾Æ±â¸¦, ¶³¾îÁø ±¤¾ß³ª °¹°¿¡ ÀÛÀº ¹è ¼Ó¿¡ Ȧ·Î
µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. »ç¸£°ï¤ý¸ð¼¼¤ý½ÎÀÌ·¯½º¤ý·Î¹°·ç½ºÀÇ °æ¿ì¿Í °°ÀÌ, ¾ÆÀ̰¡ »ì¾Æ³²À¸¸é, ½ÅµéÀÌ ±×¸¦ »ì¸®·Á°í °£¼·Çß´Ù°í
»ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ù ¾ÆµéÀ» ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¶Ç´Â Èñ»ý¹°·Î¼ µå¸®´Â °ü½À, Áï ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ÀÚ¶óµµ·Ï ³»¹ö·Á µÎ°í, ´ÙÀ½¿¡
Á×ÀÌ´Â °Í¿¡ ÁØÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» Ãß¹æÇÏ´Â °ü½ÀÀÌ µû¶ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö°¡ »ý±ä ±â¿øÀ̾ú´Ù. ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÈ °èȹÀº ÀÌ °ü½ÀÀ»
ÁöÄ×´Ù.
| Even after
most groups had ceased the ritual killing of children, it was the
custom to put an infant away by itself, off in the wilderness or
in a little boat on the water. If the child survived, it was thought
that the gods had intervened to preserve him, as in the traditions
of Sargon, Moses, Cyrus, and Romulus. Then came the practice of
dedicating the first-born sons as sacred or sacrificial, allowing
them to grow up and then exiling them in lieu of death; this was
the origin of colonization. The Romans adhered to this custom in
their scheme of colonization. | |
89:7.4 (982.3)
¿ø½ÃÀû ¼þ¹è¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î, ¼º(àõ)ÀÇ ¹®¶õÀ¸·Î »ý±ä ¸¹Àº ƯÀÌÇÑ °ü°è´Â »ç¶÷À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ±â¿øÀÌ »ý°å´Ù.
¿¾³¯¿¡´Â, ¿©ÀÚ°¡ ¸Ó¸® »ç³É²ÛÀ» ¸¸³µÀ» ¶§, ¸öÀ» Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °ÇÁú ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ½Åµé¿¡°Ô Èñ»ý¹°·Î¼
¼º½º·´°Ô ¹ÙÄ£ ¼Ò³à´Â ¸öÀ» ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ¼ºÀü¿¡¼ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¼º±³ ¼ºñ½º¿¡ ¹ÙħÀ¸·Î Á¦ ¸ñ¼û ã±â¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ±× ¿©ÀÚ´Â ¸ö ã´Â µ·À» ¹ú ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸ö°ªÀ» Ä¡¸£´Â µ¥ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â ¿©Àΰú ¼º°ü°è¸¦ °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷À»
¹«Ã´ °í»óÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏ·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¼Ò³àµé°ú »ç±Í´Â °ÍÀº Á¾±³ ¿¹½ÄÀ̾ú°í, °Ô´Ù°¡ ÀÌ ÀÇ½Ä ÀüºÎ°¡ Æò¹üÇÑ
¼º¿å ¸¸Á·À» ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿© ±×·²µíÇÑ ±¸½ÇÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¼Ò³à¿Í ±× ¦µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î ±â»Ú°Ô ½ÇÇàÇÑ, ¾ß¸©ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀÚ±â
¼ÓÀÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ ÁøÈ·Î Áøº¸ÇÒ ¶§ µµ´ö °ü½ÀÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª µÚ¿¡¼ ²ø·Á °¡°í, ÀÌó·³ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â Á¾Á·µéÀÇ °ü½À, ´õ ¿À·¡
µÇ°í ´õ ¾ß¸¸½º·¯¿î ¼º °ü½ÀÀ» Àΰ¡ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Many of the
peculiar associations of sex laxity with primitive worship had their
origin in connection with human sacrifice. In olden times, if a
woman met head-hunters, she could redeem her life by sexual surrender.
Later, a maiden consecrated to the gods as a sacrifice might elect
to redeem her life by dedicating her body for life to the sacred
sex service of the temple; in this way she could earn her redemption
money. The ancients regarded it as highly elevating to have sex
relations with a woman thus engaged in ransoming her life. It was
a religious ceremony to consort with these sacred maidens, and in
addition, this whole ritual afforded an acceptable excuse for commonplace
sexual gratification. This was a subtle species of self-deception
which both the maidens and their consorts delighted to practice
upon themselves. The mores always drag behind in the evolutionary
advance of civilization, thus providing sanction for the earlier
and more savagelike sex practices of the evolving races. | |
89:7.5 (982.4)
¼ºÀüÀÇ ¸ÅÃáÀº °á±¹ ³²ºÎ À¯·´°ú ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ µÎ·ç ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ¼ºÀüÀÇ Ã¢³àµéÀÌ ¹ø µ·Àº ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁ· »çÀÌ¿¡¼ °Å·èÇϰԡª½Åµé¿¡°Ô
µå¸®´Â °í±Þ ¼±¹°·Î¡ª¿©°å´Ù. °¡Àå ³ôÀº ºÎ·ùÀÇ ¿©ÀεéÀÌ ¼ºÀüÀÇ ¸ÅÃá ½ÃÀå¿¡ µé²ú¾ú°í, ¹ø µ·À» ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ
¼ºñ½º¿Í °øÀÍ »ç¾÷¿¡ ¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. »ó±Þ ¿©ÀεéÀÇ »ó´ç¼ö°¡ ¼ºÀü¿¡¼ Àӽ÷Π¸ö ÆÄ´Â ¼ºñ½º·Î ÁöÂü±ÝÀ» ¸ð¾Ò°í, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
³²ÀÚµéÀº ±×·± ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ¾Æ³»·Î °¡Áö±â¸¦ ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇß´Ù.
| Temple harlotry
eventually spread throughout southern Europe and Asia. The money
earned by the temple prostitutes was held sacred among all peoples-a
high gift to present to the gods. The highest types of women thronged
the temple sex marts and devoted their earnings to all kinds of
sacred services and works of public good. Many of the better classes
of women collected their dowries by temporary sex service in the
temples, and most men preferred to have such women for wives. |
89:8.1 (982.5) Èñ»ý¹°·Î Á˰ª Ä¡¸£±â¿Í ¼ºÀü ¸ÅÃáÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç¶÷À»
Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡±âÀÇ º¯Á¾À̾ú´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â µþµéÀ» °ÅÁþÀ¸·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ÀÏÀÌ µû¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¹½ÄÀº ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ó³à¼ºÀ» ÁöŰ´Â
µ¥ Çå½ÅÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¹æÇ÷(ÛÁúì)ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í, À̺¸´Ù ¿À·¡ µÈ ¼ºÀü ¸ÅÃá¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù.
ÈÄÀÏ¿¡´Â ó³àµéÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¼ºÀü ºÒÀ» ÁöŰ´Â ºÀ»ç¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| 8. Redemption and Covenants Sacrificial redemption and temple prostitution were in reality modifications of human sacrifice. Next came the mock sacrifice of daughters. This ceremony consisted in bloodletting, with dedication to life-long virginity, and was a moral reaction to the older temple harlotry. In more recent times virgins dedicated themselves to the service of tending the sacred temple fires. | |
89:8.2 (982.6)
»ç¶÷µéÀº °á±¹ ¸öÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐÀ» µå¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷À» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ´õ ¿À·¡ µÈ °ü½ÀÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À»
°¡Á³´Ù. ½Åü¸¦ Àß¶ó³»´Â °Íµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ±¦ÂúÀº ´ë¿ëǰÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô¤ý¼Õ¹ßÅé¤ýÇÇ, ±×¸®°í ¼Õ°¡¶ô°ú ¹ß°¡¶ôÁ¶Â÷
¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ °ÅÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀ̾ú´ø ¿¾ ÇÒ·Ê ÀǽÄÀº ºÎºÐÀ» Èñ»ýÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÇ »ê¹°À̾ú´Ù. ¼øÀüÇÑ Èñ»ýÀ̾ú°í, °Å±â¿¡
À§»ýÀ» ÁöŰ·Á´Â ¾Æ¹«·± »ý°¢ÀÌ µû¶óºÙÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³²ÀÚµéÀº Çҷʸ¦ ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ¿©ÀÚµéÀº ±Í¿¡ ±¸¸ÛÀ» ¶Õ¾ú´Ù.
| Men eventually
conceived the idea that the offering of some part of the body could
take the place of the older and complete human sacrifice. Physical
mutilation was also considered to be an acceptable substitute. Hair,
nails, blood, and even fingers and toes were sacrificed. The later
and well-nigh universal ancient rite of circumcision was an outgrowth
of the cult of partial sacrifice; it was purely sacrificial, no
thought of hygiene being attached thereto. Men were circumcised;
women had their ears pierced. | |
89:8.3 (983.1)
³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ» Àß¶ó³»´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ÇÔ²² ¹´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ¹Ð°í ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ôÀ» ÀÚ¸£´Â °Íµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¾±³Àû
Çå½ÅÀÇ ÇüÅ¿´´Ù. ³»½Ã(Ò®ã´)¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀº óÀ½¿¡, »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡´Â »ý°¢À» °íÄ£ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÄÚ¿Í ÀÔ¼ú ¶Õ±â´Â
¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ°í, ¹®½Å(Ùþãó)Àº ¿¹Àü¿¡, »ó½º·´°Ô ¸ö¿¡ »óó¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷´Â dz½ÀÀÌ ¿¹¼ú´ä°Ô ÁøÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| Subsequently
it became the custom to bind fingers together instead of cutting
them off. Shaving the head and cutting the hair were likewise forms
of religious devotion. The making of eunuchs was at first a modification
of the idea of human sacrifice. Nose and lip piercing is still practiced
in Africa, and tattooing is an artistic evolution of the earlier
crude scarring of the body. | |
89:8.4 (983.2)
Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â °ü½ÀÀº, Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼, °á±¹ ¾à¼ÓÀÇ °ü³ä°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ½ÅµéÀÌ »ç¶÷°ú ÁøÂ¥ ÇùÁ¤À»
¸Î´Â´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú°í, À̰ÍÀº Á¾±³¸¦ ¾ÈÁ¤½ÃŰ´Â µ¥ ³»µðµò Å« °ÉÀ½À̾ú´Ù. À²¹ý, °ð °è¾àÀÌ, ¿î¤ýµÎ·Á¿ò¤ý¹Ì½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦
´ë½Å Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù.
| The custom
of sacrifice eventually became associated, as a result of advancing
teachings, with the idea of the covenant. At last, the gods were
conceived of as entering into real agreements with man; and this
was a major step in the stabilization of religion. Law, a covenant,
takes the place of luck, fear, and superstition. | |
89:8.5 (983.3)
»ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀÌ ¿ìÁÖ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬À» ¶§±îÁö, ½Å°ú °è¾àÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °áÄÚ
²Þ¿¡µµ ±×¸± ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ Ãʱ⿡ °¡Á³´ø Çϳª´Ô °ü³äÀº ³Ê¹« Àΰ£À» ´à¾Æ¼, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸Çϰí, µµ´ö°ú
À±¸®°¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÉ ¶§±îÁö, »ç¶÷Àº ÀÇÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÀ» »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
| Man could never
even dream of entering into a contract with Deity until his concept
of God had advanced to the level whereon the universe controllers
were envisioned as dependable. And man's early idea of God was so
anthropomorphic that he was unable to conceive of a dependable Deity
until he himself became relatively dependable, moral, and ethical.
| |
89:8.6 (983.4)
±×·¯³ª ½Åµé°ú °è¾àÀ» ¸Î´Â´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ¸¶Ä§³» µµ·¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÁøÈÇÏ´Â Àΰ£Àº °á±¹ ±×ÀÇ ½Åµé°ú ÁÖÁ¦³Ñ°Ô Çù»óÇÒ Á¤µµÀÇ
µµ´öÀû À§¾öÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â »ç¾÷Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Ã¶ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Çϳª´Ô°ú Çù»óÇÏ´Â ³ë¸§À¸·Î Â÷Ãû ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ºÒ¿î¿¡ ´ëºñÇØ¼ º¸Çè¿¡ µå´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¶Ä¡, ¾Æ´Ï ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¹ø¿µÀ» ´õ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ »çµéÀÌ´Â Çâ»óµÈ ±â¼úÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ
¿¾³¯ÀÇ Á¦¹°ÀÌ ½Åµé¿¡°Ô °ÅÀú µå¸®´Â ¼±¹°, °í¸¶¿òÀ̳ª Ãß¼ö °¨»çÀÇ Ç¥½Ã·Î ÀÚÁøÇؼ µå¸®´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ±×¸©µÈ »ý°¢À» ǰÁö
¸»¶ó. ÀÌ·± Á¦¹°Àº ÂüµÈ ¿¹¹èÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù.
| But the idea
of making a covenant with the gods did finally arrive. Evolutionary
man eventually acquired such moral dignity that he dared to bargain
with his gods. And so the business of offering sacrifices gradually
developed into the game of man's philosophic bargaining with God.
And all this represented a new device for insuring against bad luck
or, rather, an enhanced technique for the more definite purchase
of prosperity. Do not entertain the mistaken idea that these early
sacrifices were a free gift to the gods, a spontaneous offering
of gratitude or thanksgiving; they were not expressions of true
worship. | |
89:8.7 (983.5)
¿ø½Ã ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±âµµ´Â ¿µµé°ú Çù»óÇÏ´Â °Í, ½Åµé°ú µûÁö´Â °Í¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ź¿ø°ú ¼³µæÀ¸·Î ¹«¾ð°¡ ´õ ÇüŰ¡ ÀÖ´Â
ºñ½Ñ °ÍÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¹°¹° ±³È¯À̾ú´Ù. Á¾Á·µéÀÇ ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â »ó¾÷Àº ¹«¿ªÇÏ´Â Á¤½ÅÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í, ¹°¹° ±³È¯ÇÏ´Â
´«Ä¡¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ Æ¯¼ºÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½ÅÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡µµ ºñ·Î¼Ò ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³²º¸´Ù Àå»ç¸¦ ´õ
ÀßÇÏ´Â »óÀÎÀÎ °Íó·³, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷º¸´Ù ´õ ³´°Ô ±âµµÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±âµµ´Â ³ôÀÌ ¿©±èÀ»
¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ¿µµé¿¡°Ô ¼ÀÀ» ´Ù Ä¡¸¥ ÀÚ, ½Åµé¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ) Àǹ«¸¦ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ³¡³½ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù.
| Primitive forms
of prayer were nothing more nor less than bargaining with the spirits,
an argument with the gods. It was a kind of bartering in which pleading
and persuasion were substituted for something more tangible and
costly. The developing commerce of the races had inculcated the
spirit of trade and had developed the shrewdness of barter; and
now these traits began to appear in man's worship methods. And as
some men were better traders than others, so some were regarded
as better prayers than others. The prayer of a just man was held
in high esteem. A just man was one who had paid all accounts to
the spirits, had fully discharged every ritual obligation to the
gods. | |
89:8.8 (983.6)
ÃʱâÀÇ ±âµµ´Â µµÀúÈ÷ ¿¹¹è¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±âµµ´Â °Ç°¤ýÀç»ê¤ý¸ñ¼ûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Çù»óÇϴ ź¿øÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼, ±âµµ´Â
½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó¼ º°·Î ¹Ù²îÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±âµµ¸¦ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Ã¥¿¡¼ ÀоîÄ¡¿ì°í, Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿Ü¿ì°í, ¹ÙÄû¿¡ ºÙÀÌ°í ³ª¹«¿¡
°É¾î ³õÀ¸·Á°í ÀûÀ¸¸ç, °Å±â¼ Áö³ª°¡´Â ¹Ù¶÷Àº »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ½º½º·Î ÈÄ¡ª ÇÏ°í ºÎ´Â ¼ö°í¸¦ ´ú¾î ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| Early prayer
was hardly worship; it was a bargaining petition for health, wealth,
and life. And in many respects prayers have not much changed with
the passing of the ages. They are still read out of books, recited
formally, and written out for emplacement on wheels and for hanging
on trees, where the blowing of the winds will save man the trouble
of expending his own breath. |
89:9.1 (983.7) »ç¶÷À» Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÄ¡±â´Â À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÌ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡ °ÉÃļ ³»³», »ç¶÷À» Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â, ÇÇ È긮´Â Àå»ç·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ ³ô°í »ó¡Àû ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù. Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ÃʱâÀÇ ÀǽÄÀº ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¼ºÂù ¿¹½ÄÀ» ³º¾Ò´Ù. ±×ÈÄ¿¡´Â »çÁ¦°¡ È¥ÀÚ¼ »ç¶÷ Èñ»ý¹°ÀÇ ÀÛÀº Á¶°¢À̳ª »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇÇ ÇÑ ¹æ¿ïÀ» ÃëÇϰí, ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ¸ðµÎ°¡ µ¿¹° ´ë¿ëǰÀ» ¸Ô°ï Çß´Ù. ¸ö°ª, µ·À¸·Î µÇã±â, °è¾à°ú °°Àº ÀÌ ¿¾ °ü³äÀº ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¼ºÂù ¿¹¹è·Î ÁøÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿¹½ÄÀÇ ÁøÈ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú ±³Á¦ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¸·°ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù.
| 9. Sacrifices and Sacraments The human sacrifice, throughout the course of the evolution of Urantian rituals, has advanced from the bloody business of man-eating to higher and more symbolic levels. The early rituals of sacrifice bred the later ceremonies of sacrament. In more recent times the priest alone would partake of a bit of the cannibalistic sacrifice or a drop of human blood, and then all would partake of the animal substitute. These early ideas of ransom, redemption, and covenants have evolved into the later-day sacramental services. And all this ceremonial evolution has exerted a mighty socializing influence. | |
89:9.2 (984.1)
Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¼þ¹è¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾î, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿Í ±âŸ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼, ÄÉÀÌÅ©¿Í Æ÷µµÁÖ¸¦ µå´Â ¼ºÂùÀÌ ´õ ¿À·¡ µÈ, »ç¶÷À» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â
°ü½À¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ì°ú ÇÇ¿¡ ÁØÇÏ¿© °á±¹ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀº À¯¿ùÀý ¿¹½ÄÀÇ ÀϺημ ÀÌ ÀǽÄÀ» ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÁöÄ×°í, ÀÌ
¿¹½ÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ªÁß¿¡ ±âµ¶±³½ÄÀÇ ¼ºÂù½ÄÀÌ »ý°å´Ù.
| In connection
with the Mother of God cult, in Mexico and elsewhere, a sacrament
of cakes and wine was eventually utilized in lieu of the flesh and
blood of the older human sacrifices. The Hebrews long practiced
this ritual as a part of their Passover ceremonies, and it was from
this ceremonial that the later Christian version of the sacrament
took its origin. | |
89:9.3 (984.2)
°í´ë »çȸÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ Á¤½ÅÀº ÇǸ¦ ¸¶½Ã´Â ÀǽĿ¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù. ¿¾³¯ À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ Ä£±³´Â Èñ»ý¹°ÀÇ ÇǸ¦ È긮´Â ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù.
¹Ù¿ïÀº ¡°¿µ±¸ÇÑ ¾à¼ÓÀÇ ÇÇ¡± À§¿¡ »õ ±âµ¶±³ Á¾ÆÄ¸¦ ¼¼¿ì±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ÇÇ¿Í Èñ»ý¹°¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·Î ±âµ¶±³¸¦
¾µµ¥¾øÀÌ ¼º°¡½Ã°Ô ¸¸µé±â´Â Ç߾, Àΰ£À̳ª µ¿¹°À» ¹ÙÃļ ¼ÓÁËÇÏ´Â ±³¸®¸¦ ÇÑ ¼û¿¡ ³¡³»¹ö·È´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀû ÀýÃæÀº,
°è½ÃÁ¶Â÷µµ ÁøÈÀÇ Á¡ÁøÀû ÅëÁ¦¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ¹Ù¿ï¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÌÀÚ ¿ÂÅë ÃæºÐÇÑ
»ç¶÷ Á¦¹°ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ½Å¼ºÇÑ ÀçÆÇ°üÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷, ±×¸®°í ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| The ancient
social brotherhoods were based on the rite of blood drinking; the
early Jewish fraternity was a sacrificial blood affair. Paul started
out to build a new Christian cult on "the blood of the everlasting
covenant." And while he may have unnecessarily encumbered Christianity
with teachings about blood and sacrifice, he did once and for all
make an end of the doctrines of redemption through human or animal
sacrifices. His theologic compromises indicate that even revelation
must submit to the graduated control of evolution. According to
Paul, Christ became the last and all-sufficient human sacrifice;
the divine Judge is now fully and forever satisfied. | |
89:9.4 (984.3)
±×·¡¼ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùÀÌ È帥 µÚ¿¡, Èñ»ý¹° ¹ÙÄ¡´Â ¿¹½ÄÀº ¼ºÂù ¿¹½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁøÈÇß´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Çö´ë Á¾±³ÀÇ ¼ºÂùÀº »ç¶÷À» Àâ¾Æ¼
¹ÙÄ¡´Â ¿¹½Ä, Ãæ°ÝÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¿¾³¯ ¿¹½Ä°ú ±×º¸´Ù ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø »ç¶÷ Àâ¾Æ¸Ô´Â ÀǽÄ, ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö¸¦ Á¤ÅëÀ¸·Î À̾î¹ÞÀº
¿¹½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±¸¿øÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸·Á°í ÇÇ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö¸¸, Àû¾îµµ ±×°ÍÀº ºñÀ¯¿ä »ó¡ÀÌ¿ä ½Åºñ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| And so, after
long ages the cult of the sacrifice has evolved into the cult of
the sacrament. Thus are the sacraments of modern religions the legitimate
successors of those shocking early ceremonies of human sacrifice
and the still earlier cannibalistic rituals. Many still depend upon
blood for salvation, but it has at least become figurative, symbolic,
and mystic. |
89:10.1 (984.4) ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷Àº Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙħÀ¸·Î °Ü¿ì Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÇý¸¦ ÀǽÄÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. Çö´ëÀÎÀº ±¸¿ø¹ÞÀ½À» ½º½º·Î ÀǽÄÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ±â¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÁËÀǽÄÀº ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ ¹öƼ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, °Å±â¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â ±¸¿øÀÇ »ý°¢ ÇüÅ´ ³°¾ÆºüÁö°í ÄÉÄɹ¬¾ú´Ù. ¿µÀû ÇÊ¿ä¶ó´Â Çö½ÇÀº Áö¼ÓµÇÁö¸¸, ÁöÀû Áøº¸´Â Áö¼º°ú È¥À» À§ÇÏ¿© Æò¾È°ú À§·Î¸¦ ¾ò´Â ¿¾ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾ø¾Ö¹ö·È´Ù. | 10. Forgiveness of Sin Ancient man only attained consciousness of favor with God through sacrifice. Modern man must develop new techniques of achieving the self-consciousness of salvation. The consciousness of sin persists in the mortal mind, but the thought patterns of salvation therefrom have become outworn and antiquated. The reality of the spiritual need persists, but intellectual progress has destroyed the olden ways of securing peace and consolation for mind and soul. | |
89:10.2 (984.5)
ÁË´Â ÀǵµÇÏ¿© ½Å¿¡°Ô ºÒÃæÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´Ù½Ã Á¤ÀǸ¦ ³»·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ºÒÃæ¿¡´Â Á¤µµ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù. °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â
ºÎºÐÀû ºÒÃæ, °¥µîÀ¸·Î °¥¶óÁø Ãæ¼º, ¹«°ü½ÉÀ̶ó´Â Á׾´Â Ãæ¼º, ½ÅÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÀÌ»ó¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÏ´Â µ¥¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Á×Àº Ãæ¼ºÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù.
| Sin must be
redefined as deliberate disloyalty to Deity. There are degrees of
disloyalty: the partial loyalty of indecision; the divided loyalty
of confliction; the dying loyalty of indifference; and the death
of loyalty exhibited in devotion to godless ideals. | |
89:10.3 (984.6)
Á˸¦ Áö¾ú´Ù´Â °¨°¢À̳ª ´À³¦Àº µµ´ö °ü½ÀÀ» ¾î°åÀ½À» ÀǽÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁË´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀǽÄÇÏ¸é¼ ½Å¿¡°Ô
ºÒÃæÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀ» ¶§ ÁøÂ¥ ÁË´Â ¾ø´Ù.
| The sense or
feeling of guilt is the consciousness of the violation of the mores;
it is not necessarily sin. There is no real sin in the absence of
conscious disloyalty to Deity. | |
89:10.4 (984.7)
ÁËÃ¥°¨À» ±ú´Ý´Â °¡´É¼ºÀº Àηù¿¡°Ô ÃÊ¿ùÀû Ź¿ù¼ºÀÌ Àִٴ ǥ½ÃÀÌ´Ù. ÁËÃ¥°¨Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ºñ¿ÇÔÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ÀÈ÷·Á À§´ëÇÏ°Ô µÉ ÀáÀ缺ÀÌ ÀÖ°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Â ¿µ±¤À» °¡Áø »ý¹°·Î¼ »ç¶÷À» ±¸º°ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ðÀÚ¶õ´Ù´Â ´À³¦Àº
½ÃÃÊÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ Áö¼ºÀ» µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î °í±ÍÇÑ ¼öÁØ, ¿ìÁÖ ÅëÂû·Â°ú ¿µÀû »ýȰÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î
º¯È½ÃŰ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ½Â¸®·Î, ºü¸£°Ô È®½ÇÈ÷ À̲ø¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸Àç¿¡¼ ¸ðµç ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çö¼¼ÀÇ
°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ¿øÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î°í, ¸ðµç °¡Ä¡°¡ Àΰ£´Ù¿î °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½Å´Ù¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù.
| The possibility
of the recognition of the sense of guilt is a badge of transcendent
distinction for mankind. It does not mark man as mean but rather
sets him apart as a creature of potential greatness and ever-ascending
glory. Such a sense of unworthiness is the initial stimulus that
should lead quickly and surely to those faith conquests which translate
the mortal mind to the superb levels of moral nobility, cosmic insight,
and spiritual living; thus are all the meanings of human existence
changed from the temporal to the eternal, and all values are elevated
from the human to the divine. | |
89:10.5 (984.8)
ÁËÀÇ °í¹éÀº ºÒÃæÀ» ¾¿¾¿ÇÏ°Ô ¹°¸®Ä¡´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÒÃæÀÌ ½Ã°ø¿¡¼ ³º´Â °á°ú¸¦ Á¶±Ýµµ ÁÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
°í¹é¡ªÁËÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ» ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í¡ªÀº Á¾±³Àû ¼ºÀå°ú ¿µÀû Áøº¸¿¡ ÇʼöÀÌ´Ù.
| The confession
of sin is a manful repudiation of disloyalty, but it in no wise
mitigates the time-space consequences of such disloyalty. But confession-sincere
recognition of the nature of sin¡ªis essential to religious growth
and spiritual progress. | |
89:10.6 (985.1)
½ÅÀÌ Á˸¦ ¿ë¼ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, Ãæ¼º °ü°èÀÇ ´ÜÀýÀÌ ÀǽÄÇÏ¿© ¹ÝÇ×ÇÑ °á°úÀÓÀ» Çѵ¿¾È Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀǽÄÇÑ µÚ¿¡, Ãæ¼º °ü°è¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô
ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ë¼¸¦ ãÀ» ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷°ú âÁ¶ÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡ Ãæ¼º °ü°è°¡ ´Ù½Ã ¼¼¿öÁüÀ» ÀǽÄÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿ë¼¸¦
¾ò´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Ãæ¼ºÇÏ´Â ¾ÆµéµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇູÇÏ°í ºÀ»ç¸¦ »ç¶ûÇϸç, ÆÄ¶ó´ÙÀ̽º·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Â ±æ¿¡¼ ´Ã ¾ÕÀ¸·Î
³ª¾Æ°£´Ù.
| The forgiveness
of sin by Deity is the renewal of loyalty relations following a
period of the human consciousness of the lapse of such relations
as the consequence of conscious rebellion. The forgiveness does
not have to be sought, only received as the consciousness of re-establishment
of loyalty relations between the creature and the Creator. And all
the loyal sons of God are happy, service-loving, and ever-progressive
in the Paradise ascent. | |
89:10.7 (985.2)
[³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ ÇÑ Âù¶õÇÑ Àú³áº°ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù.]
| [Presented
by a Brilliant Evening Star of Nebadon. ] |