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Á¦ 86 Æí
| Paper 86 | |
86:0.1 (950.1)
ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿ø½ÃÀû ¿¹¹è ¿å±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¾±³°¡ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °è½Ã¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. º¸ÆíÀû ¿µÀÌ ¼ö¿©ÇÑ ¿©¼¸Â°¿Í Àϰö° Áö¼º
¿µÀÇ ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â ¿µÇâ ÇÏ¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö¼ºÀÌ Á¤»óÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϸé, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ßÀüÀ» º¸ÀåÇϱ⿡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.
| The evolution
of religion from the preceding and primitive worship urge is not
dependent on revelation. The normal functioning of the human mind
under the directive influence of the sixth and seventh mind-adjutants
of universal spirit bestowal is wholly sufficient to insure such
development. | |
86:0.2 (950.2)
Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ ÀΰÝȵǰí, ¿µÀÌ µÇ°í, °á±¹ ½Å(ãê)ÀÌ µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÃÖÃÊ¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °¡Á³´ø
µÎ·Á¿ò, Á¾±³°¡ ÀÖ±â ÀüÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀº Â÷Ãû Á¾±³¼ºÀ» ¶ì°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ø½Ã Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¾±³´Â, ÁøÈÇÏ´Â µ¿¹° Áö¼ºÀÌ
ÀÏ´Ü ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ °Í¿¡ °üÇÑ °³³äÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ º» µÚ¿¡, ±×·± Áö¼ºÀÇ ½É¸®Àû Ÿ¼ºÀÌ ³º´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î »ý¹°ÇÐÀû °á°ú¿´´Ù.
| Man's earliest
prereligious fear of the forces of nature gradually became religious
as nature became personalized, spiritized, and eventually deified
in human consciousness. Religion of a primitive type was therefore
a natural biologic consequence of the psychologic inertia of evolving
animal minds after such minds had once entertained concepts of the
supernatural. |
86:1.1 (950.3) ½ÅÀ» ¿¹¹èÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ¿å±¸¸¦ Á¦Ãijõ°í, ÃʱâÀÇ ÁøÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ »Ñ¸®´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ ¿ì¿¬¡ªÀ̸¥¹Ù ¿î(ê¡), º¸Åë ÀϾ´Â ÀÏ¡ªÀ» üÇèÇÑ µ¥ ±â¿øÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ¸ÔÀ»°Å¸®¸¦ »ç³ÉÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. »ç³ÉÀÇ °á°ú´Â ´Ã º¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø°í, À̰ÍÀº Çà¿î°ú ºÒ¿îÀ̶ó°í »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â ±×·± üÇèÀ» ³º´Â´Ù. ºÒ¿îÀº ÇèÇÑ °æÁö¿¡¼ ¾Æ½½¾Æ½½ÇÏ°í ½Ã´Þ¸®´Â »îÀ» Ç×»ó »ì´ø ³²³àÀÇ Àλý¿¡¼ Å« ¿äÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù.
| 1. Chance: Good Luck and Bad Luck Aside from the natural worship urge, early evolutionary religion had its roots of origin in the human experiences of chance-so-called luck, commonplace happenings. Primitive man was a food hunter. The results of hunting must ever vary, and this gives certain origin to those experiences which man interprets as good luck and bad luck. Mischance was a great factor in the lives of men and women who lived constantly on the ragged edge of a precarious and harassed existence. | |
86:1.2 (950.4)
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ÁöÀû ½Ã¾ß(ãÊå¯)´Â ¿ì¿¬¿¡ ³Ê¹« Ä¡ÁßÇÏ¿´°í, ±×·¡¼ ¿îÀº ±×ÀÇ Àλý¿¡¼ Ç×»ó ÀÖ´Â ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÇ
À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀº »ýȰ ¼öÁØÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ì±â À§ÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ü´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â À§ÇèÇÑ
ÀλýÀ» »ì¾Ò´Ù. ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ°í º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â Àç³À» ´Ã µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Àý¸ÁÀÇ ±¸¸§ÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÌ ¾ß¸¸Àεé À§¿¡ ¶° ÀÖ¾ú°í,
À̰ÍÀº ½ÇÁö·Î ¸ðµç Áñ°Å¿òÀÌ ºûÀ» ÀÒ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÒ¿îÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã ¹«½¼ ÀÏÀ» ÀúÁö¸£´Â°¡ ´Ã µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¸ç »ì¾Ò´Ù.
¹Ì½ÅÀ» ¹Ï´Â ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº Çà¿îÀÌ À̾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ðÁ¦³ª µÎ·Á¿öÇß°í, ±×·± Çà¿îÀÌ Àç³ÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿Ã ºÐ¸íÇÑ ÀüÁ¶(îñð¼)¶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù.
| The limited
intellectual horizon of the savage so concentrates the attention
upon chance that luck becomes a constant factor in his life. Primitive
Urantians struggled for existence, not for a standard of living;
they lived lives of peril in which chance played an important role.
The constant dread of unknown and unseen calamity hung over these
savages as a cloud of despair which effectively eclipsed every pleasure;
they lived in constant dread of doing something that would bring
bad luck. Superstitious savages always feared a run of good luck;
they viewed such good fortune as a certain harbinger of calamity. | |
86:1.3 (950.5)
ºÒ¿îÀÌ ¿Ã±î ÀÌ·¸°Ô ´Ã µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷À» ²Ä¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¶°µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï´Ù°¡ Çà¿îÀ» ¸¸³¯Áö ¸ð¸£´Âµ¥¡ª¾Æ¹«°Íµµ
ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö Àִµ¥¡ª¾î°¼ ¿½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇÏ°í ºÒ¿îÀ» °ÅµÎ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡¡ª¹«¾ð°¡ °øµéÀÌ°í ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ø °ÅµÎ¾î¾ß
Çϴ°¡? »ý°¢ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº Çà¿îÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸°´Ù¡ª´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù¡ª±×·¸Áö¸¸, ºÒ¿îÀº »ÀÀú¸®°Ô ±â¾ïÇÑ´Ù.
| This ever-present
dread of bad luck was paralyzing. Why work hard and reap bad luck-nothing
for something-when one might drift along and encounter good luck-something
for nothing? Unthinking men forget good luck-take it for granted-but
they painfully remember bad luck. | |
86:1.4 (950.6)
ÃʱâÀÇ Àΰ£Àº ºÒ¾È ¼Ó¿¡¼, ¿ì¿¬¡ªºÒ¿î¡ªÀ» Ç×»ó µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¸é¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ÀλýÀº Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¿¬(éÏæÔ)ÀÇ Àå³À̾ú°í,
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³ë¸§À̾ú´Ù. ¾ó¸¶Å ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¿ì¿¬À» ¹Ï°í, ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ³ë¸§ ¼ºÇâÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº ³î¶ó¿î
ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¹«¾ð°¡ ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â Á¤¿, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ð°¡ ¼ö°í¸¦ µéÀÌ°í ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸ø ¾ò´Â µÎ·Á¿ò,
ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö Å« °ü½É°Å¸® »çÀÌ¿¡ °¥ÆÎÁúÆÎÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °Å´Â ÀÌ ³ë¸§Àº Ãʱ⠾߸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ °ü½É°Å¸®¿ä
ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸Å·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Early man lived
in uncertainty and in constant fear of chance¡ªbad luck. Life was
an exciting game of chance; existence was a gamble. It is no wonder
that partially civilized people still believe in chance and evince
lingering predispositions to gambling. Primitive man alternated
between two potent interests: the passion of getting something for
nothing and the fear of getting nothing for something. And this
gamble of existence was the main interest and the supreme fascination
of the early savage mind. | |
86:1.5 (951.1)
ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¾çÄ¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¿ì¿¬°ú ¿î(ê¡)ÀÇ °üÁ¡À» °¡Á³°í, ±×ÈÄ¿¡ ³ó»ç²ÛµéÀº ¼öÈ®ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¶Ç´Â µµ¹«Áö
ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸¹Àº °Í¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ» ´õ¿í ÀǽÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³óºÎ´Â ´õÀ§¿Í ÃßÀ§ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °¡¹³¤ýÈ«¼ö¤ý¿ì¹Ú¤ýÆøÇ³¿ì¤ýÇØÃæ,
½Ä¹°ÀÇ º´À¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ÕÇØº¸´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ ¹ø¿µ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î À̸¦
Çà¿îÀ̳ª ºÒ¿îÀ̶ó°í ¿©°å´Ù.
| The later herders
held the same views of chance and luck, while the still later agriculturists
were increasingly conscious that crops were immediately influenced
by many things over which man had little or no control. The farmer
found himself the victim of drought, floods, hail, storms, pests,
and plant diseases, as well as heat and cold. And as all of these
natural influences affected individual prosperity, they were regarded
as good luck or bad luck. | |
86:1.6 (951.2)
ÀÌ ¿ì¿¬°ú ¿îÀÇ °³³äÀº ¸ðµç ¿¾ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ ÁøÇÏ°Ô ½º¸çµé¾ú´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡µµ ¼Ö·Î¸óÀÇ ÁöÇý¼¿¡´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Ù:
¡°³»°¡ µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼ º¸´Ï, ºü¸¥ ÀÚ°¡ ´Þ¸®±â¿¡ À̱âÁö ¾Ê°í, Èû¼¾ ÀÚ°¡ ÀüÀï¿¡ À̱âÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÇý·Î¿î ÀÚ°¡ »§À» ¾òÁöµµ
¾Ê°í, ¸íöÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ºÎ(Ý£)¸¦ ¾òÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±â¼ú ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹ÞÁöµµ ¾Êµµ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿î¸í°ú ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ ÀúÈñ
¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ³»¸®´À´Ï¶ó. ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á¦ ¿î¸íÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÔÀ̶ó. ¹°°í±â°¡ ³ª»Û ±×¹°¿¡ °É¸®°í »õµéÀÌ µ£¿¡ °É¸®´Â °Í °°ÀÌ,
»ç¶÷ÀÇ Àڽĵ鵵 ³ª»Û ¶§°¡ °©Àڱ⠴ÚÄ¥ ¶§, ±×¶§ µ£¿¡ °É¸®´À´Ï¶ó.¡±
| This notion
of chance and luck strongly pervaded the philosophy of all ancient
peoples. Even in recent times in the Wisdom of Solomon it is said:
"I returned and saw that the race is not to the swift, nor
the battle to the strong, neither bread to the wise, nor riches
to men of understanding, nor favor to men of skill; but fate and
chance befall them all. For man knows not his fate; as fishes are
taken in an evil net, and as birds are caught in a snare, so are
the sons of men snared in an evil time when it falls suddenly upon
them." |
86:2.1 (951.3) °ÆÁ¤Àº ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚ°¡ Áö³ªÄ£ °ÆÁ¤¿¡ ºüÁú ¶§ ´Ù¸¸ ±î¸¶µæÈ÷ ¸Õ Á¶»óÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ »óÅ·Πµ¹¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. °ÆÁ¤ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î °íÅ뽺·¯¿öÁú ¶§, °ÆÁ¤Àº Ȱµ¿À» ¾ïÁ¦Çϰí, ¾î±è¾øÀÌ ÁøÈÀû º¯È¿Í »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÀûÀÀÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. °íÅë°ú ±«·Î¿òÀº Á¡ÁøÀû ÁøÈ¿¡ ÇʼöÀÌ´Ù. | 2. The Personification of Chance Anxiety was a natural state of the savage mind. When men and women fall victims to excessive anxiety, they are simply reverting to the natural estate of their far-distant ancestors; and when anxiety becomes actually painful, it inhibits activity and unfailingly institutes evolutionary changes and biologic adaptations. Pain and suffering are essential to progressive evolution. | |
86:2.2 (951.4)
»ì·Á´Â ÅõÀïÀÌ ³Ê¹« °íÅ뽺·¯¿ö¼ ¾î¶² µÚ¶³¾îÁø ºÎÁ·µéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »õ·Î ÇØ°¡ ¶ã ¶§¸¶´Ù ¿ïºÎ¢°í ½½ÆÛÇÑ´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ
¹°¾ú´Ù, ¡°´©°¡ ³ª¸¦ ±«·ÓÈ÷´Â°¡?¡± °ï°æ¿¡ ºüÁö´Â ¹°ÁúÀû ±Ù¿øÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×´Â ¿µÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½Åºñ½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°í º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» °æ¿ÜÇϰí, ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¾±³°¡ ž´Ù.
ÀÌó·³ ÀÚ¿¬À» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº óÀ½¿¡ ¿ì¿¬ ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ½Åºñ½º·¯¿ò ¶§¹®¿¡, »ì·Á´Â ÅõÀï¿¡¼ ÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| The struggle
for life is so painful that certain backward tribes even yet howl
and lament over each new sunrise. Primitive man constantly asked,
"Who is tormenting me?" Not finding a material source
for his miseries, he settled upon a spirit explanation. And so was
religion born of the fear of the mysterious, the awe of the unseen,
and the dread of the unknown. Nature fear thus became a factor in
the struggle for existence first because of chance and then because
of mystery. | |
86:2.3 (951.5)
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®´Â ³í¸®°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª ¿µ¸®ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áÁöÀ» °ü³äÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®´Â ±³À°¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, µµ¹«Áö ¼¼·ÃµÇÁö
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç°ÇÀ» µû¸£¸é, ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº À̰͵éÀÌ ¿øÀΰú °á°ú¶ó°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ì½ÅÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â
°ÍÀº ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ±×Àú ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹«Áö¿¡ ºÒ°úÇß´Ù. Àηù´Â ¸ñÀû°ú °á°ú »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾î¶² °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
´À¸®°Ô ¹è¿ü´Ù. ÇàÀ§¿Í ±× °á°ú »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸Àç¿¡¼ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àΰ£µéÀº °Ü¿ì ºñ·Î¼Ò ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ¸¸Áú ¼ö ¾ø°í Ãß»óÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¸ðÁ¶¸® ÀÇÀÎÈÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ÀÚ¿¬°ú ¿ì¿¬Àº ±Í½Å¡ª¿µ¡ªÀ¸·Î, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ½ÅÀ¸·Î,
ÀΰÝȵȴÙ.
| The primitive
mind was logical but contained few ideas for intelligent association;
the savage mind was uneducated, wholly unsophisticated. If one event
followed another, the savage considered them to be cause and effect.
What civilized man regards as superstition was just plain ignorance
in the savage. Mankind has been slow to learn that there is not
necessarily any relationship between purposes and results. Human
beings are only just beginning to realize that the reactions of
existence appear between acts and their consequences. The savage
strives to personalize everything intangible and abstract, and thus
both nature and chance become personalized as ghosts-spirits-and
later on as gods. | |
86:2.4 (951.6)
»ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ¿¬È÷ Àڱ⸦ À§Çؼ ÃÖ¼±À̶ó°í ÆÇ´ÜµÇ´Â °Í, ´çÀåÀ̰ųª ¸Õ ¾Õ³¯¿¡ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚ±â
ÀÌÀÍÀº ´ëü·Î ³í¸®¸¦ È帮°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ¾ß¸¸Àΰú ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¸Ó¸®ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¼ºÁúº¸´Ù ³»¿ëÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ, Áúº¸´Ù
Á¤µµÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÌ´Ù.
| Man naturally
tends to believe that which he deems best for him, that which is
in his immediate or remote interest; self-interest largely obscures
logic. The difference between the minds of savage and civilized
men is more one of content than of nature, of degree rather than
of quality. | |
86:2.5 (951.7)
±×·¯³ª ÀÌÇØÇϱâ Èûµç °ÍÀ» ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ¿øÀÎÀÇ Å¿À¸·Î °è¼Ó µ¹¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¿Â°® ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î Èûµç ÀÏÀ» ÇÇÇÏ´Â, °ÔÀ¸¸£°í
Æí¸®ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿î(ê¡)Àº ´ÜÁö Àΰ£ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ø ¾î´À ½Ã´ë¿¡µµ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ·Á°í ¸¸µé¾î
³½ ¿ë¾îÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¿îÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ²ç¶Õ¾îº¼ ¼ö ¾ø°Å³ª ±×·¸°Ô Çϱ⠽ÈÀº Çö»óÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ¿ì¿¬(éÏæÔ)Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³Ê¹«
¹«ÁöÇϰųª °ÔÀ»·¯¼ ¿øÀÎÀ» ¹àÈ÷Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â ³¹¸»ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº È£±â½É°ú »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ °áÇ̵ǾúÀ» ¶§, Á¾Á·µéÀÌ
âÀǷ°ú ¸ðÇèÀÌ ¸ðÀÚ¶ö ¶§¿¡¾ß ÀÚ¿¬ Çö»óÀ» ¿ì¿¬À̳ª ºÒ¿îÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù. »ý¸í Çö»óÀÇ Å½±¸´Â ¸ÓÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ¿ì¿¬¤ýÇà¿î, ±×¸®°í
À̸¥¹Ù ¿ì¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °ü³äÀ» ±ú¶ß¸®¸ç, ±× ÀÚ¸®¿¡, ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¸ðµç °á°ú¿¡ ¾Õ¼´Â, ¹ýÄ¢°ú Áú¼°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ìÁÖ¸¦
ä¿ö ³Ö´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Á¸ÀçÇÏ¸é¼ ´ÚÄ¡´Â µÎ·Á¿òÀº »ì¾Æ°¡´Â ±â»ÝÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ï´Ù.
| But to continue
to ascribe things difficult of comprehension to supernatural causes
is nothing less than a lazy and convenient way of avoiding all forms
of intellectual hard work. Luck is merely a term coined to cover
the inexplicable in any age of human existence; it designates those
phenomena which men are unable or unwilling to penetrate. Chance
is a word which signifies that man is too ignorant or too indolent
to determine causes. Men regard a natural occurrence as an accident
or as bad luck only when they are destitute of curiosity and imagination,
when the races lack initiative and adventure. Exploration of the
phenomena of life sooner or later destroys man's belief in chance,
luck, and so-called accidents, substituting therefor a universe
of law and order wherein all effects are preceded by definite causes.
Thus is the fear of existence replaced by the joy of living. | |
86:2.6 (952.1)
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ¸ðµç ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù°í, ÀÚ¿¬ ¼Ó¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷Àº °¡´Â ±æ¿¡ °É¸®°í ±×¿¡°Ô
ºÎµúÄ¡´Â »ý¸í ¾ø´Â ¹°°ÇÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹ß·Î °È¾îÂ÷°í ÀúÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº °áÄÚ ¾î¶² °Íµµ ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ¶ó ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸ðµç
°Í¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Àǵµ(ëòÓñ)°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀο¡°Ô ¿î¸íÀÇ ºÐ¾ß, ¿îÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë, ¿µ ¼¼°è´Â ¿ø½Ã »çȸ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±×Àú
Á¶Á÷µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î ¾Æ¹«·¸°Ô³ª ÆîÃÄ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Çà¿îÀº ¿µ ¼¼°è°¡ º¯´ö½º·´°Ô ±âºÐ´ë·Î ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¸¾Ò°í, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â
½ÅµéÀÇ À¯¸Ó¶ó°í º¸¾Ò´Ù.
| The savage
looked upon all nature as alive, as possessed by something. Civilized
man still kicks and curses those inanimate objects which get in
his way and bump him. Primitive man never regarded anything as accidental;
always was everything intentional. To primitive man the domain of
fate, the function of luck, the spirit world, was just as unorganized
and haphazard as was primitive society. Luck was looked upon as
the whimsical and temperamental reaction of the spirit world; later
on, as the humor of the gods. | |
86:2.7 (952.2)
±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç Á¾±³°¡ ¹°È°·Ð(ÚªüÀÖå)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ °³³äµéÀº ¹°È°·Ð°ú °°Àº ½Ã´ë¿¡
ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ¿©·¯ °ü³äµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÅÀÇ ¼þ¹è·Î À̲ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¾±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¡ªÁ¾±³ÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù.
| But all religions
did not develop from animism. Other concepts of the supernatural
were contemporaneous with animism, and these beliefs also led to
worship. Naturalism is not a religion-it is the offspring of religion.
|
86:3.1 (952.3) Á×À½Àº ÁøÈÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ãæ°ÝÀÌ¿ä, °¡Àå ¾î¸®µÕÀýÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â, ¿ì¿¬°ú ½ÅºñÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀ̾ú´Ù. »ý¸íÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Á×À½ÀÇ Ãæ°ÝÀÌ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í, ÀÌó·³ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Á¾±³¸¦ À°¼ºÇß´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ ¹ÎÁ·µé Áß¿¡¼ Á×À½Àº º¸Åë »ç°í(ÞÀͺ) ¶§¹®¿¡ »ý°å°í, ±×·¡¼ »ç°í·Î »ý±âÁö ¾ÊÀº Á×À½Àº °¥¼ö·Ï ´õ ½Åºñ½º·¯¿öÁ³´Ù. ±â´ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ »ý¸íÀÇ ³¡Àº ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¶Ç·ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, Á×À½ÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÑ °ÍÀ» »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±ú´Ý´Â µ¥ ±â³ª±ä ¼¼¿ùÀÌ °É·È´Ù. | 3. Death¡ªThe Inexplicable Death was the supreme shock to evolving man, the most perplexing combination of chance and mystery. Not the sanctity of life but the shock of death inspired fear and thus effectively fostered religion. Among savage peoples death was ordinarily due to violence, so that nonviolent death became increasingly mysterious. Death as a natural and expected end of life was not clear to the consciousness of primitive people, and it has required age upon age for man to realize its inevitability. | |
86:3.2 (952.4)
ÃʱâÀÇ Àΰ£Àº »ý¸íÀ» »ç½Ç·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´°í, ÇÑÆí Á×À½À» ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹æ¹®À¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ¸ðµç Á¾Á·Àº Á×Áö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡
°üÇÑ Àü¼³À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀº Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãʱâ ŵµÀÇ ÈçÀûÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÀüÅëÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡´Â È帴Çϰí
ü°è ¾ø´Â ¿µ ¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »Ñ¿¬ °³³äÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì Á¸ÀçÇߴµ¥, °Å±â¼ºÎÅÍ Àλý¿¡¼ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¿Ô°í, ¼³¸íÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿©·¯ Çö»óÀÌ ÀûÈù ÀÌ ±ä ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ Á×À½ÀÌ Ã·°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Early man
accepted life as a fact, while he regarded death as a visitation
of some sort. All races have their legends of men who did not die,
vestigial traditions of the early attitude toward death. Already
in the human mind there existed the nebulous concept of a hazy and
unorganized spirit world, a domain whence came all that is inexplicable
in human life, and death was added to this long list of unexplained
phenomena. | |
86:3.3 (952.5)
Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ðµç º´°ú ÀÚ¿¬»ç´Â óÀ½¿¡ ¿µ(çÏ)ÀÇ ¿µÇâ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ¾î¶² ¹®¸íÈµÈ Á¾Á·µéÀº Áúº´À» ¡°Àû¡±ÀÌ
ÀÏÀ¸Å² °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¸¸ç, Á¾±³ ¿¹½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© À̸¦ Ä¡À¯ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ´õ º¹ÀâÇÑ ½ÅÇРü°è´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á×À½À» ¿µ
¼¼°èÀÇ ÇàÀ§ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϸç, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¿øÁË(ê«ñª)¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ Å¸¶ô°ú °°Àº ±³¸®¸¦ ³º¾Ò´Ù.
| All human
disease and natural death was at first believed to be due to spirit
influence. Even at the present time some civilized races regard
disease as having been produced by "the enemy" and depend
upon religious ceremonies to effect healing. Later and more complex
systems of theology still ascribe death to the action of the spirit
world, all of which has led to such doctrines as original sin and
the fall of man. | |
86:3.4 (952.6)
Áúº´°ú Á×À½ÀÌ Ã£¾Æ¿Â ¾Õ¿¡¼ Àΰ£ÀÌ ¾àÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÔ°ú ´õºÒ¾î, ¸·°ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬·Â ¾Õ¿¡ ¹«·Â(ÙíÕô)ÇÔÀ» ±ú´ÞÀº °ÍÀº ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀ¸·Î
ÇÏ¿©±Ý Ãʹ°Áú ¼¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ¿òÀ» ãµµ·Ï ÀçÃËÇß°í, ±×´Â ÀÌ Ãʹ°Áú ¼¼°è°¡ ÀÌ ½Åºñ½º·¯¿î ÀλýÀÇ ºÎħ(Ý©öØ)ÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ̶ó°í
¾î·ÅDzÀÌ »ó»óÇß´Ù.
| It was the
realization of impotency before the mighty forces of nature, together
with the recognition of human weakness before the visitations of
sickness and death, that impelled the savage to seek for help from
the supermaterial world, which he vaguely visualized as the source
of these mysterious vicissitudes of life. |
86:4.1 (952.7) ÇÊ»ç ÀΰÝÀÚÀÇ Ãʹ°Áú ´Ü°è °³³äÀº ÀǽÄÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼, ¼øÀüÈ÷ ¿ì¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ÀÏ»ó »ýȰÀÇ »ç°Çµé°ú ±Í½Å ²ÞÀ» ¿¬°áÁö¾î »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. µ¹¾Æ°¡½Å ÃßÀå¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ºÎÁ·¿¡¼ ¸î »ç¶÷ÀÌ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ²ÞÀ» ²Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±× ´ÄÀº ÃßÀåÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î ¾î¶² ÇüÅ·Πµ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ½À» È®½ÅÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Áõ°ÅÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ¶¡Åõ¼ºÀ̰¡ µÇ¾î ¹ú¹ú ¶³°í ¼Ò¸®Ä¡¸é¼, ±×·¯ÇÑ ²Þ¿¡¼ ±ú¾î³ª´ø ¾ß¸¸Àο¡°Ô´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¾ÆÁÖ Çö½ÇÀ̾ú´Ù. | 4. The Death-Survival Concept The concept of a supermaterial phase of mortal personality was born of the unconscious and purely accidental association of the occurrences of everyday life plus the ghost dream. The simultaneous dreaming about a departed chief by several members of his tribe seemed to constitute convincing evidence that the old chief had really returned in some form. It was all very real to the savage who would awaken from such dreams reeking with sweat, trembling, and screaming. | |
86:4.2 (953.1)
¹Ì·¡¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀÌ ²Þ¿¡ ±â¿øÀ» °¡Áø °ÍÀº, ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¹°À» ½á¼ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¹°À» ¾ðÁ¦³ª »ó»óÇÏ´Â
°æÇâÀ» ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. ²Þ¤ý±Í½Å, ¾Õ³¯ÀÇ »ý¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ »õ °³³äÀº Áï½Ã, ÀھƸ¦ º¸Á¸ÇÏ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀû º»´É°ú ¿¬°áÇÏ¿©, Á×À½¿¡
´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØµ¶Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
| The dream origin
of the belief in a future existence explains the tendency always
to imagine unseen things in the terms of things seen. And presently
this new dream-ghost-future-life concept began effectively to antidote
the death fear associated with the biologic instinct of self-preservation.
| |
86:4.3 (953.2)
ÃʱâÀÇ Àΰ£Àº ¶ÇÇÑ, ¼û¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ƯÈ÷ Ãß¿î ±âÈÄ¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ °ÆÁ¤Çߴµ¥, ±×·± °÷¿¡¼ ¼ûÀº ³»½¬¾úÀ» ¶§ ±¸¸§Ã³·³ º¸¿´´Ù.
»ý¸íÀÇ È£ÈíÀº »ê ÀÚ¿Í Á×Àº ÀÚ¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Çö»óÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ±×´Â ¼ûÀÌ ¸öÀ» ¶°³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò°í,
ÀáÀÚ´Â µ¿¾È ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾ß¸©ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ²ÞÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ºñ¹°ÁúÀÎ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ È¥¿¡
´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ¿ø½ÃÀû °³³ä, Áï ±Í½ÅÀº, È£Èí°ú ²Þ °³³äÀÇ Ã¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù.
| Early man was
also much concerned about his breath, especially in cold climates,
where it appeared as a cloud when exhaled. The breath of life was
regarded as the one phenomenon which differentiated the living and
the dead. He knew the breath could leave the body, and his dreams
of doing all sorts of queer things while asleep convinced him that
there was something immaterial about a human being. The most primitive
idea of the human soul, the ghost, was derived from the breath-dream
idea-system. | |
86:4.4 (953.3)
°á±¹ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ 2Áß¡ª¸ö°ú È£Èí¡ªÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ¼û¿¡¼ ¸öÀ» »©¸é ¿µ, °ð ±Í½ÅÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÁÖ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Àΰ£¿¡
±â¿øÀ» °¡Á³Áö¸¸, ±Í½ÅÀ̳ª ¿µÀº ÃÊÀΰ£À¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. ¸öÀ» ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ¿µÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌ °ü³äÀº µå¹® °Í, Ưº°ÇÑ
°Í, ÈçÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº °Í, ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍµéÀÌ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â µíÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| Eventually
the savage conceived of himself as a double¡ªbody and breath. The
breath minus the body equaled a spirit, a ghost. While having a
very definite human origin, ghosts, or spirits, were regarded as
superhuman. And this belief in the existence of disembodied spirits
seemed to explain the occurrence of the unusual, the extraordinary,
the infrequent, and the inexplicable. | |
86:4.5 (953.4)
Á×Àº µÚ¿¡ »ì¾Æ³²´Â´Ù´Â ¿ø½Ã ½ÅÁ¶´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÒ¸êÀ» ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ½º¹°À» ³Ñ¾î¼ ¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Á¸ÀçµéÀº µµÀúÈ÷
¹«ÇѰú ¿µ¿øÀ» »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×º¸´Ù ±×µéÀº °Åµì À°½ÅÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» »ý°¢Çß´Ù.
| The primitive
doctrine of survival after death was not necessarily a belief in
immortality. Beings who could not count over twenty could hardly
conceive of infinity and eternity; they rather thought of recurring
incarnations. | |
86:4.6 (953.5)
ÁÖȲ ¹ÎÁ·Àº ƯÈ÷ À±È¸¿Í ȯ»ý(ü½ßæ)ÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ºüÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ È¯»ý ½Å¾ÓÀº ÀÚ¼ÕÀÌ ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ À¯Àü°ú Ư¼ºÀ» ´àÀº °ÍÀ» ÁöÄѺ»
µ¥¼ »ý°å´Ù. Á¶ºÎ¸ð¿Í ±âŸ ¼±Á¶µéÀ» µû¶ó ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ À̸§À» Áþ´Â °ü½ÀÀº ȯ»ýÀ» ¹Ï±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏÀÇ ¾î¶² Á¾Á·µéÀº
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼¼ ¹ø¿¡¼ Àϰö ¹ø±îÁö Á×´Â´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. (ÀúÅà ¼¼°èµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾Æ´ãÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀÜÀçÀÎ) ÀÌ °ü³ä°ú °è½ÃµÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ
¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ Â±â¸¦ 20¼¼±â ¹Ì°³ÀεéÀÇ ±³¸®, ´Ù¸¥ ¸é¿¡¼ ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ ±³¸®¿¡¼ ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
| The orange
race was especially given to belief in transmigration and reincarnation.
This idea of reincarnation originated in the observance of hereditary
and trait resemblance of offspring to ancestors. The custom of naming
children after grandparents and other ancestors was due to belief
in reincarnation. Some later-day races believed that man died from
three to seven times. This belief (residual from the teachings of
Adam about the mansion worlds), and many other remnants of revealed
religion, can be found among the otherwise absurd doctrines of twentieth-century
barbarians. | |
86:4.7 (953.6)
ÃʱâÀÇ Àΰ£Àº Áö¿ÁÀ̳ª ¾Õ³¯ÀÇ ¹ú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Æ¹« °ü³äÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÀλýÀÌ, ¿Â°® ¾Ç¿îÀ» »©°í, ²À ÀÌ
Àλý°ú °°´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, ÁÁÀº ±Í½Å°ú ³ª»Û ±Í½ÅÀÌ, µû·Îµû·ÎÀÇ ¿î¸í¡ªÃµ±¹°ú Áö¿Á¡ªÀ» °¡Á³´Ù°í »ó»óÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
¸¹Àº ¿ø½Ã Á¾Á·ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ ÀλýÀ» ¶°³ ±×´ë·Î ´ÙÀ½ Àλý¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×µéÀº ´Ä°í ÃʶóÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â
»ý°¢À» Áñ°Å¿öÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´ÄÀºÀ̵éÀº ³Ê¹« Çã¾àÇØÁö±â Àü¿¡ Á×À½À» ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÈξÀ ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇß´Ù.
| Early man entertained
no ideas of hell or future punishment. The savage looked upon the
future life as just like this one, minus all ill luck. Later on,
a separate destiny for good ghosts and bad ghosts-heaven and hell-was
conceived. But since many primitive races believed that man entered
the next life just as he left this one, they did not relish the
idea of becoming old and decrepit. The aged much preferred to be
killed before becoming too infirm. | |
86:4.8 (953.7)
°ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç Áý´ÜÀÌ ±Í½ÅÀÌ µÈ È¥ÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ »ý°¢À» °¡Á³´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀÎÀº ¾àÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾àÇÑ È¥À» °¡Á³À½ÀÌ Æ²¸²¾ø´Ù°í
¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ Çͱ⠾ø´Â È¥µéÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⿡ Àû´çÇÑ Àå¼Ò·Î Çϵ¥½º¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇß´Ù. ưưÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÌ Á¾ÀÚµéÀº
¶ÇÇÑ ±×¸²ÀÚ°¡ ª´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ¾Èµå Á·¼ÓÀº ±×µéÀÇ ±Í½ÅÀÌ ¼±Á¶ÀÇ °íÇâÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. Áß±¹Àΰú
¿¡ÁýÆ®ÀÎÀº È¥°ú ¸öÀÌ °°ÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇѶ§ ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿¡ÁýÆ®ÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ À̰ÍÀº Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¹«´ýÀ» °ÇÃàÇÏ°í ¸öÀ» º¸Á¸ÇÏ´Â
³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î À̲ø¾ú´Ù. Çö´ëÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µéµµ Á×Àº ÀÚÀÇ ºÎÆÐ¸¦ ¸ØÃß°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾´´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀº °³ÀÎÀÇ À¯·É(êëÖÄ) º¹»çǰÀÌ
Àú½ÂÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°£´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀÇ ¶¥À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Ã ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í »ó»óÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº È¥ÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®¿¡¼ ÀÌ
Áß¿äÇÑ °ÉÀ½À» ³»µðµð¾ú´Ù.
| Almost every
group had a different idea regarding the destiny of the ghost soul.
The Greeks believed that weak men must have weak souls; so they
invented Hades as a fit place for the reception of such anemic souls;
these unrobust specimens were also supposed to have shorter shadows.
The early Andites thought their ghosts returned to the ancestral
homelands. The Chinese and Egyptians once believed that soul and
body remained together. Among the Egyptians this led to careful
tomb construction and efforts at body preservation. Even modern
peoples seek to arrest the decay of the dead. The Hebrews conceived
that a phantom replica of the individual went down to Sheol; it
could not return to the land of the living. They did make that important
advance in the doctrine of the evolution of the soul. |
86:5.1 (953.8) »ç¶÷ÀÇ ºñ¹°Áú ºÎºÐÀ» ±Í½Å¤ý¿µ¤ý±×¸²ÀÚ¤ýÀ¯·É¤ý¸Á·É, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â È¥, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿©·¯ °¡Áö À̸§À¸·Î ºÒ·¶´Ù. È¥Àº Ãʱâ Àΰ£ÀÇ ²Þ ¼Ó º¹»çÆÇÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¸¸Áö´Â µ¥ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦Ãijõ°í, ÇÊ»çÀÚ ÀڽŰú ¸ðµç ¸é¿¡¼ ¶È°°¾Ò´Ù. ²Þ ¼Ó º¹»çÆÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü³äÀº »ç¶÷ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ý¸íÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¾ø´Â °Í ¸ðµÎ°¡ È¥À» °¡Á³´Ù´Â °³³äÀ¸·Î ¹Ù·Î À̲ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °³³äÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ ¿µÀ» °¡Á³´Ù´Â °ü³äÀ» ¿À·§µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¡½ºÅ°¸ðÀÎÀº ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¿µÀ» °¡Á³´Ù°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. | 5. The Ghost-Soul Concept The nonmaterial part of man has been variously termed ghost, spirit, shade, phantom, specter, and latterly soul. The soul was early man's dream double; it was in every way exactly like the mortal himself except that it was not responsive to touch. The belief in dream doubles led directly to the notion that all things animate and inanimate had souls as well as men. This concept tended long to perpetuate the nature-spirit beliefs; the Eskimos still conceive that everything in nature has a spirit. | |
86:5.2 (954.1)
¸öÀÌ ¾ø´Â È¥ÀÇ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µè°í ±× È¥À» º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸¸Áú ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Â÷Ãû Á¾Á·ÀÇ ²Þ »ýȰÀº ÁøÈÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¿µ
¼¼°èÀÇ È°µ¿À» ¹ßÀü½Ã۰í È®´ëÇØ¼, Á×À½Àº ¸¶Ä§³» ¡°±Í½ÅÀ» ¹ö¸®´Â °Í¡±À¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¿¹°À̳ª °ÅÀÇ ´Ù¸§¾ø´Â ºÎÁ·µéÀ»
Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, ¸ðµç ¿ø½Ã ºÎÁ·Àº ¾î¶² È¥ °³³äÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ Áøº¸ÇÏÀÚ, ¹Ì½Å °°Àº ÀÌ È¥ °³³äÀº ±ú¾îÁö°í, È¥Àº
Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¾Æ´Â ÇÊ»ç Áö¼º°ú ±× ¾È¿¡ ±êµå´Â ½Å´Ù¿î ¿µ, °ð »ý°¢ Á¶ÀýÀÚ°¡ ÇÕµ¿À¸·Î âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »õ °³³äÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á°í
»ç¶÷Àº ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ °è½Ã¿Í °³ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³Àû üÇè¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.
| The ghost
soul could be heard and seen, but not touched. Gradually the dream
life of the race so developed and expanded the activities of this
evolving spirit world that death was finally regarded as "giving
up the ghost." All primitive tribes, except those little above
animals, have developed some concept of the soul. As civilization
advances, this superstitious concept of the soul is destroyed, and
man is wholly dependent on revelation and personal religious experience
for his new idea of the soul as the joint creation of the God-knowing
mortal mind and its indwelling divine spirit, the Thought Adjuster.
| |
86:5.3 (954.2)
¿¾³¯ÀÇ ÇÊ»çÀÚµéÀº ±êµå´Â ¿µ(çÏ)°ú ÁøÈ ¼ºÁúÀ» °¡Áø È¥(ûë), ÀÌ °³³äµéÀ» º¸Åë ±¸º°ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¸öÀÌ ¾ø´Â È¥ÀÌ
³¯ ¶§ºÎÅÍ ¸ö¿¡ ºÙ¾î Àִ°¡, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¸öÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ÈûÀΰ¡ ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ¹«Ã´ È¥µ¿Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. È¥¶õÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥ ³í¸®Àû
»ý°¢ÀÇ ºÎÀç(ÝÕî¤)´Â È¥¤ý±Í½Å¤ý¿µ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀÇ °üÁ¡ÀÌ ¾î°¼ Å͹«´Ï¾øÀÌ ¸ð¼øµÇ´Â°¡ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù.
| Early mortals
usually failed to differentiate the concepts of an indwelling spirit
and a soul of evolutionary nature. The savage was much confused
as to whether the ghost soul was native to the body or was an external
agency in possession of the body. The absence of reasoned thought
in the presence of perplexity explains the gross inconsistencies
of the savage view of souls, ghosts, and spirits. | |
86:5.4 (954.3)
Çâ±â°¡ ²É¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â °Í °°ÀÌ È¥ÀÌ ¸ö¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ È¥ÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¸öÀ»
¶°³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù:
| The soul was
thought of as being related to the body as the perfume to the flower.
The ancients believed that the soul could leave the body in various
ways, as in: | |
86:5.5 (954.4)
1. ÈçÇÏ°Ô Àá½Ã ±âÀýÇÒ ¶§.
86:5.6 (954.5) 2. Àá ¼Ó¿¡¼, ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ²ÞÀ» ²Ù¸é¼. 86:5.7 (954.6) 3. º´°ú »ç°í(ÞÀͺ)¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾î È¥¼ö »óÅÂ¿Í ¹«ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§. 86:5.8 (954.7) 4. Á×À½À¸·Î, ¿µ±¸ÇÏ°Ô ¶°³¯ ¶§. | 1. Ordinary
and transient fainting. 2. Sleeping, natural dreaming. 3. Coma and unconsciousness associated with disease and accidents. 4. Death, permanent departure. | |
86:5.9 (954.8)
¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº Àçä±â¸¦ È¥ÀÌ ¸ö¿¡¼ ´Þ¾Æ³ª·Á´Ù°¡ ±×¸¸µÐ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±ú¾î ÀÖ°í Áö۰í ÀÖÀ¸¸é, ¸öÀº È¥ÀÌ µµ¸ÁÇÏ·Á´Â
°ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, Àçä±â ´ÙÀ½¿¡, ¡°Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ³Ê¿¡°Ô º¹À» ÁÙÁö¾î´Ù!¡±ÇÏ´Â °Í °°ÀÌ, ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¾±³Àû
Ç¥ÇöÀÌ µû¶ú´Ù.
| The savage
looked upon sneezing as an abortive attempt of the soul to escape
from the body. Being awake and on guard, the body was able to thwart
the soul's attempted escape. Later on, sneezing was always accompanied
by some religious expression, such as "God bless you!" | |
86:5.10 (954.9)
ÁøÈÀÇ ÃʱâºÎÅÍ ÀáÀº ±Í½Å È¥ÀÌ ¸öÀ» ¶°³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù°í ¿©°å°í, ÀáÀÚ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ À̸§À» ¸»Çϰųª ¿ÜħÀ¸·Î
±× È¥À» ´Ù½Ã ºÒ·¯µéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹«ÀÇ½Ä »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ È¥Àº ´õ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ´Ù°í, ¾Æ¸¶ ¿µ¿øÈ÷
µµ¸ÁÄ¡·Á ÇÏ´Â °Í¡ªÁ×À½ÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿À´Â °Í¡ªÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ²ÞÀº ÀáÀ» Àß ¶§, ¸öÀ» Àá±ñ ¶°³ª ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È È¥ÀÌ °Þ´Â üÇèÀ̶ó°í
¿©°å´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº ±ú¾î¼ °Þ´Â üÇèÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐ°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ²ÞÀÌ ¶È°°ÀÌ Çö½ÇÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ¿¾ »ç¶÷µéÀº È¥ÀÌ ¸öÀ¸·Î
µ¹¾Æ°¥ °Ü¸¦À» °¡Áöµµ·Ï ÀáÀÚ´Â »ç¶÷À» Â÷ÃûÂ÷Ãû ±ú¿ì´Â °ü½ÀÀ» ÁöÄ×´Ù.
| Early in evolution
sleep was regarded as proving that the ghost soul could be absent
from the body, and it was believed that it could be called back
by speaking or shouting the sleeper's name. In other forms of unconsciousness
the soul was thought to be farther away, perhaps trying to escape
for good-impending death. Dreams were looked upon as the experiences
of the soul during sleep while temporarily absent from the body.
The savage believes his dreams to be just as real as any part of
his waking experience. The ancients made a practice of awaking sleepers
gradually so that the soul might have time to get back into the
body. | |
86:5.11 (954.10)
¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ °è¼Ó, »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹ã µ¿¾È¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â À¯·É¿¡ °ÌÀ» ¸Ô¾ú°í, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀº ¿¹¿Ü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¸ð¼¼°¡ ±ÝÁö·ÉÀ»
³»·È´Âµ¥µµ, ±×µéÀº ÂüÀ¸·Î Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ²Þ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ð¼¼´Â ¿Ç¾Ò´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é Æò¹üÇÑ ²ÞÀº
¿µ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀÚµéÀÌ ¹°Áú Á¸Àç¿Í ±³ÅëÇÏ·Á ÇÒ ¶§ ¾²´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
| All down through
the ages men have stood in awe of the apparitions of the night season,
and the Hebrews were no exception. They truly believed that God
spoke to them in dreams, despite the injunctions of Moses against
this idea. And Moses was right, for ordinary dreams are not the
methods employed by the personalities of the spiritual world when
they seek to communicate with material beings. | |
86:5.12 (954.11)
¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº È¥ÀÌ µ¿¹°À̳ª »ý¸íÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¹°Ã¼¿¡µµ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº µ¿¹° ½ÅºÐÀ» °¡Áø Àΰ£ ´Á´ë °ü³äÀ»
³º¾Ò´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³·¿¡´Â ¹ýÀ» ÁöŰ´Â ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, Àáµé¾úÀ» ¶§ ±×ÀÇ È¥Àº ¹ã µ¿¾È¿¡ ¾àÅ» ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇÏ´À¶ó ½î´Ù´Ï·Á°í
´Á´ë³ª ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¹°¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| The ancients
believed that souls could enter animals or even inanimate objects.
This culminated in the werewolf ideas of animal identification.
A person could be a law-abiding citizen by day, but when he fell
asleep, his soul could enter a wolf or some other animal to prowl
about on nocturnal depredations. | |
86:5.13 (955.1)
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº È¥ÀÌ ¼û°ú °áÇյǾî ÀÖ°í, È¥ÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ» ¼ûÀ» ºÒ¾î ³ª´©¾î Áְųª ¿Å°Ü ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ¿ë°¨ÇÑ ÃßÀåÀº
°«³¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ¼ûÀ» ³»»Õ°í, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿ë±â¸¦ ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ°ï Çß´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¼º·ÉÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¿¹½Ä¿¡´Â Èĺ¸ÀÚ¿¡°Ô
¼ûÀ» ºÒ¾î ÁÖ´Â ÀÏÀÌ µÚµû¶ú´Ù. ½ÃÆíÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°ÁÖÀÇ ¸»¾¸À¸·Î ÇÏ´ÃÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í, ±× ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿Â ¹«¸®°¡
±×ÀÇ ÀÔ¿¡¼ ³ª¿À´Â ¼ûÀ» ºÒ¾î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³µµ´Ù.¡± ¸º¾ÆµéÀÌ Á×¾î °¡´Â ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¼ûÀ» ºÙÀâÀ¸·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È
dz½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Primitive men
thought that the soul was associated with the breath, and that its
qualities could be imparted or transferred by the breath. The brave
chief would breathe upon the newborn child, thereby imparting courage.
Among early Christians the ceremony of bestowing the Holy Spirit
was accompanied by breathing on the candidates. Said the Psalmist:
" By the word of the Lord were the heavens made and all the
host of them by the breath of his mouth. " It was long the
custom of the eldest son to try to catch the last breath of his
dying father. | |
86:5.14 (955.2)
³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¼û°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ, ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ µÎ·Á¿öÇϰí Á¸ÁßÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹° ¼Ó¿¡ ºñÄ¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¶ÇÇÑ ¶§¶§·Î ÀÚ¾ÆÀÇ º¹»çÆÇÀÌ
ÀÖÀ½À» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ¶ó º¸¾Ò°í, »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ì½ÅÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» °¡Áö°í °Å¿ïÀ» ´Ù·ç¾ú´Ù. ¹®¸íÈµÈ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Áö±Ýµµ »ç¶÷ÀÌ
Á×¾úÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ °Å¿ïÀ» º®À¸·Î µ¹·Á³õ´Â´Ù. ¾î¶² µÚóÁø ºÎÁ·µéÀº ±×¸²¤ýµµÈ(Óñûþ)¤ý¸ðÇü, ¶Ç´Â Çü»óÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀº È¥ÀÇ
ÀüºÎ³ª ÀϺθ¦ ¸ö¿¡¼ »©³½´Ù°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù.
| The shadow
came, later on, to be feared and revered equally with the breath.
The reflection of oneself in the water was also sometimes looked
upon as proof of the double self, and mirrors were regarded with
superstitious awe. Even now many civilized persons turn the mirror
to the wall in the event of death. Some backward tribes still believe
that the making of pictures, drawings, models, or images removes
all or a part of the soul from the body; hence such are forbidden.
| |
86:5.15 (955.3)
È¥Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼û°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢µÇ¾úÁö¸¸, ¶ÇÇÑ ¿©·¯ ¹ÎÁ·Àº È¥ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ¸Ó¸®¤ý¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô¤ý½ÉÀå¤ý°£¤ýÇǤýÁö¹æ¿¡
µÎ¾ú´Ù. ¡°¾Æº§ÀÇ Çǰ¡ ¶¥¿¡¼ ¿ÜÄ£´Ù¡±´Â °ÍÀº ÇѶ§ ±Í½ÅÀÌ ÇÇ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ¼À Á·¼ÓÀº È¥ÀÌ ¸öÀÇ
Áö¹æ(ò·Û¸) ¼Ó¿¡ °ÅÇÑ´Ù°í °¡¸£ÃÆÀ¸¸ç, µ¿¹°ÀÇ Áö¹æÀ» ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±Ý±â¿´´Ù. ¸Ó¸® »ç³ÉÀº, ¸Ó¸®
°¡Á× ¹þ±â±â¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÀûÀÇ È¥À» »ç·ÎÀâ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ´«Àº È¥ÀÌ ³»´Ùº¸´Â â¹®À̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| The soul was
generally thought of as being identified with the breath, but it
was also located by various peoples in the head, hair, heart, liver,
blood, and fat. The "crying out of Abel's blood from the ground"
is expressive of the onetime belief in the presence of the ghost
in the blood. The Semites taught that the soul resided in the bodily
fat, and among many the eating of animal fat was taboo. Head hunting
was a method of capturing an enemy's soul, as was scalping. In recent
times the eyes have been regarded as the windows of the soul. | |
86:5.16 (955.4)
È¥ÀÌ ¼³Ê °³ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±³¸®¸¦ °í¼öÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀº È¥À» Çϳª ÀÒ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒÄè, µÑÀº º´, ¼ÂÀº Á×À½À» ¶æÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
È¥ Çϳª´Â ¼û ¼Ó¿¡, Çϳª´Â ¸Ó¸®¿¡, Çϳª´Â ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô¿¡, Çϳª´Â ½ÉÀå¿¡ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ¾ÆÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Çì¸Å´Â È¥À»
´Ù½Ã ÀâÀ¸·Á´Â Èñ¸ÁÀ» °¡Áö°í Ź Æ®ÀÎ °÷¿¡¼ Ȱº¸Ç϶ó´Â Á¶¾ðÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ ÁÖ¼ú»ç´Â º´µç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾ÆÇ ȥÀ»
»õ°Í, ¡°»õ·Î ³ °Í¡±À¸·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Those who
held the doctrine of three or four souls believed that the loss
of one soul meant discomfort, two illness, three death. One soul
lived in the breath, one in the head, one in the hair, one in the
heart. The sick were advised to stroll about in the open air with
the hope of recapturing their strayed souls. The greatest of the
medicine men were supposed to exchange the sick soul of a diseased
person for a new one, the "new birth." | |
86:5.17 (955.5)
¹Ùµµ³ÀÇ ÈļյéÀº µÎ È¥, ¼û°ú ±×¸²ÀÚÀÇ °ü³äÀ» °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ³ò Á·¼ÓÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÎ ÀΰÝÀ¸·Î, È¥°ú ¸öÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù°í
º¸¾Ò´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸À縦 ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ÀÌ Ã¶ÇÐÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ ±×¸®½ºÀÎÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¼¼ È¥À» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
½Ä¹° È¥Àº À§Àå¿¡, µ¿¹° È¥Àº ½ÉÀå¿¡, ÁöÀûÀΠȥÀº ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ °ÅÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¿¡½ºÅ°¸ðÀÎÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼¼ ºÎºÐ, ¸ö¤ýÈ¥¤ýÀ̸§À»
°¡Áø´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù.
| The children
of Badanan developed a belief in two souls, the breath and the shadow.
The early Nodite races regarded man as consisting of two persons,
soul and body. This philosophy of human existence was later reflected
in the Greek viewpoint. The Greeks themselves believed in three
souls; the vegetative resided in the stomach, the animal in the
heart, the intellectual in the head. The Eskimos believe that man
has three parts: body, soul, and name. |
6. The Ghost-Spirit Environment Man inherited a natural environment, acquired a social environment, and imagined a ghost environment. The state is man's reaction to his natural environment, the home to his social environment, the church to his illusory ghost environment. | ||
86:6.2 (955.7)
ÀηùÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ, ±Í½Å°ú ¿µÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ø»ó(ÍößÌ) ¼¼°è°¡ Çö½ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾ú°í, »õ·Ó°Ô »ó»óÇÑ
ÀÌ ¿µ ¼¼°è´Â ¿ø½Ã »çȸ¿¡¼ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿Â ÀηùÀÇ Á¤½Å ¹× µµ´ö »ýȰÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ »ý°¢°ú ÇàÀ§¿¡¼ ÀÌ »õ ¿ä¼Ò°¡
³ªÅ¸³²À¸·Î ¿µ±¸ÇÏ°Ô ´Þ¶óÁ³´Ù.
| Very early
in the history of mankind the realities of the imaginary world of
ghosts and spirits became universally believed, and this newly imagined
spirit world became a power in primitive society. The mental and
moral life of all mankind was modified for all time by the appearance
of this new factor in human thinking and acting. | |
86:6.3 (955.8)
±Ø½ÉÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò ¶§¹®¿¡ ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¿ø½Ã ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹Ì½Å°ú Á¾±³´Â ÀÌ ¸Á»ó°ú ¹«Áö(Ùíò±), ÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ÀüÁ¦(îñð«) Á¶°Ç
¼Ó¿¡ ¾ÐÃàµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ °è½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ±â Á÷Àü±îÁö »ç¶÷ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¾±³¿´°í, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº Á¾Á·ÀÌ °Ü¿ì ÀÌ Åõ¹ÚÇÑ
ÁøÈ Á¾±³¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| Into this major
premise of illusion and ignorance, mortal fear has packed all of
the subsequent superstition and religion of primitive peoples. This
was man's only religion up to the times of revelation, and today
many of the world's races have only this crude religion of evolution. | |
86:6.4 (955.9)
ÁøÈ°¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼, Çà¿îÀº ÁÁÀº ¿µ, ºÒ¿îÀº ³ª»Û ¿µ°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. º¯Çϴ ȯ°æ¿¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ÀûÀÀÇÏ´Â
ºÒÆíÀº ºÒ¿îÀ¸·Î, ±Í½ÅµéÀÌ ºÒ¸¸À» °¡Áø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº Ÿ°í³ ¿¹¹è ¿å±¸¿Í ¿ì¿¬¿¡ °üÇÑ À߸øµÈ °³³äÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
õõÈ÷ Á¾±³¸¦ ÁøÈ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷Àº ÀÌ ¿ì¿¬ÀÇ »çŸ¦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ·Á°í º¸ÇèÀ̶ó´Â °èȹÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÑ´Ù. Çö´ë °úÇÐÀº °¡»óÇÏ´Â
¿µ°ú º¯´ö½º·¯¿î ½Åµé ´ë½Å¿¡ º¸Çè ȸ°è»ç¿¡°Ô ¼öÇÐÀ¸·Î °è»êÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.
| As evolution
progressed, good luck became associated with good spirits and bad
luck with bad spirits. The discomfort of enforced adaptation to
a changing environment was regarded as ill luck, the displeasure
of the spirit ghosts. Primitive man slowly evolved religion out
of his innate worship urge and his misconception of chance. Civilized
man provides schemes of insurance to overcome these chance occurrences;
modern science puts an actuary with mathematical reckoning in the
place of fictitious spirits and whimsical gods. | |
86:6.5 (956.1)
Áö³ª°¡´Â °¢ ¼¼´ë´Â ¼±Á¶µéÀÇ ¾î¸®¼®Àº ¹Ì½Å¿¡ ºù±×·¹ ¿ôÀ¸¸ç, ÇÑÆí ±ú¿ìÄ£ ÈļյéÀÌ ´õ¿í ºù±×·¹ ¿ô°Ô ¸¸µé, À߸øµÈ
»ý°¢ ¹× ¼þ¹è¸¦ °è¼Ó ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡ ǰ´Â´Ù.
| Each passing
generation smiles at the foolish superstitions of its ancestors
while it goes on entertaining those fallacies of thought and worship
which will give cause for further smiling on the part of enlightened
posterity. | |
86:6.6 (956.2)
±×·¯³ª ¸¶Ä§³» ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®°¡ ¸ðµç Ÿ°í³ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¿å±¸¸¦ ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â »ý°¢À¸·Î Â÷ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µåµð¾î »ç¶÷Àº ¹°ÁúÀû Àڱؿ¡
´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀº¸´Ù ´õ Å« ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ »ç´Â ±â¼úÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃŰ·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû »ýȰ ¹æÄ§ÀÇ ½ÃÃʰ¡ °í°³¸¦
µé°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû »ýȰ ±âÁØÀÌ ¹Ù¾ßÈå·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª·Á Çß´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿µ ±Í½ÅÀÌ ¼º³¯ ¶§ ºÒ¿îÀ» ½ñ¾Æ º×°í ±â»Ü ¶§
Çà¿îÀ» ´øÁø´Ù¸é, Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ±×¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÅëÁ¦ÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ç°í ±×¸¥ °ÍÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ¸¶Ä§³» ÁøÈÇß°í, ¶¥¿¡¼
¾î¶² °è½Ã°¡ Àֱ⠿À·¡ Àü¿¡, ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀϾ´Ù.
| But at last
the mind of primitive man was occupied with thoughts which transcended
all of his inherent biologic urges; at last man was about to evolve
an art of living based on something more than response to material
stimuli. The beginnings of a primitive philosophic life policy were
emerging. A supernatural standard of living was about to appear,
for, if the spirit ghost in anger visits ill luck and in pleasure
good fortune, then must human conduct be regulated accordingly.
The concept of right and wrong had at last evolved; and all of this
long before the times of any revelation on earth. | |
86:6.7 (956.3)
ÀÌ °³³äÀÌ °í°³¸¦ µéÀÚ, ´Ã ±âºÐÀÌ »óÇÑ ¿µÀ» ´Þ·¡·Á´Â ±æ°íµµ ¾µµ¥¾ø´Â ½Î¿ò, ÁøÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÈù ½Å¼¼,
±×¸®°í ¹«´ý°ú ¼ºÀü, Èñ»ý¹°°ú »çÁ¦(ÞÉð®)µé¿¡°Ô Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â, ¿À·¡ °è¼ÓµÈ ³¶ºñ°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ²ûÂïÇÏ°í ¼Ò¸§³¢Ä¡´Â
°ªÀ» Ä¡·¶À¸³ª, ±× ¸ðµç ºñ¿ëÀ» Ä¡¸¦ ¸¸Çß´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±× ¼Ó¿¡¼ »ç¶÷Àº ºñ±³Àû ¿Ç°í ±×¸¥ °ÍÀ» ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ÀǽÄÇß±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ À±¸®°¡ ÅÂ¾î³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù!
| With the emergence
of these concepts, there was initiated the long and wasteful struggle
to appease the ever-displeased spirits, the slavish bondage to evolutionary
religious fear, that long waste of human effort upon tombs, temples,
sacrifices, and priesthoods. It was a terrible and frightful price
to pay, but it was worth all it cost, for man therein achieved a
natural consciousness of relative right and wrong; human ethics
was born! |
86:7.1 (956.4) ¾ß¸¸ÀÎÀº º¸ÇèÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ´À²¼°í, µû¶ó¼ ºÒ¿î¿¡ ´ëºñÇÏ¿© ¸¶¹ýÀÇ º¸Çè Áõ¼¸¦ ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î, µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°í ¹Ì½ÅÀ» ¹Ï°í °øÆ÷¿¡ ¶³°í, »çÁ¦¿¡°Ô ¼±¹°À» ¹ÙħÀ¸·Î ¹÷Âù °ªÀ» ±â²¨ÀÌ Ä¡·¶´Ù. ¿ø½Ã Á¾±³´Â ´ÜÁö ½£¿¡¼ »ç´Â À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© º¸Çè·á¸¦ ³»´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷Àº »ê¾÷¿¡¼ »ý±â´Â »ç°í(ÞÀͺ)¿Í Çö´ë »ýȰ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ºñ»ó »çÅ¿¡ ´ëºñÇÏ¿© ¹°ÁúÀû º¸Çè·á¸¦ ³½´Ù. | 7. The Function of Primitive Religion The savage felt the need of insurance, and he therefore willingly paid his burdensome premiums of fear, superstition, dread, and priest gifts toward his policy of magic insurance against ill luck. Primitive religion was simply the payment of premiums on insurance against the perils of the forests; civilized man pays material premiums against the accidents of industry and the exigencies of modern modes of living. | |
86:7.2 (956.5)
Çö´ë »çȸ´Â »çÁ¦¿Í Á¾±³ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸Çè Àå»ç¸¦ »©¾Ñ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀ» °æÁ¦ÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ³õ´Â´Ù. Á¾±³´Â ¹«´ýÀ» Áö³ª¼
»ý¸íÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ´Â µ¥ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °ü°èÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Çö´ëÀÎ, Àû¾îµµ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â, ¿îÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ·Á°í ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ¹° ¾²µí º¸Çè·á¸¦
³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ºÒ¿î¿¡ ´ëºñÇÏ´Â º¸Çè °èȹÀ¸·Î¼ Á¾±³°¡ ¿¹Àü¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ °Í°ú ¹Ý´ë·Î, Á¾±³´Â ´õ ³ôÀº öÇÐ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î õõÈ÷
¿Ã¶ó°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| Modern society
is removing the business of insurance from the realm of priests
and religion, placing it in the domain of economics. Religion is
concerning itself increasingly with the insurance of life beyond
the grave. Modern men, at least those who think, no longer pay wasteful
premiums to control luck. Religion is slowly ascending to higher
philosophic levels in contrast with its former function as a scheme
of insurance against bad luck. | |
86:7.3 (956.6)
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¿¾ Á¾±³ °ü³äµéÀº »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¼÷¸í·Ð¿¡ Á¥°í Èñ¸Á ¾øÀÌ ºñ°ü¿¡ ºüÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·¾Ò´Ù. ¿î¸í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡·Á°í
Àû¾îµµ ¹«¾ð°¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ±×µéÀº ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±Í½ÅÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â Á¾±³´Â, »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±Í½ÅÀÇ ÇൿÀ» ±ÔÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í,
Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Ãʹ°Áú ¼¼°è°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸¶À½¿¡ ½É¾î ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
| But these
ancient ideas of religion prevented men from becoming fatalistic
and hopelessly pessimistic; they believed they could at least do
something to influence fate. The religion of ghost fear impressed
upon men that they must regulate their conduct, that there was a
supermaterial world which was in control of human destiny. | |
86:7.4 (956.7)
Çö´ëÀÇ ¹®¸íÈµÈ Á¾Á·µéÀº ±Í½Å °øÆ÷ÁõÀÌ Çà¿î°ú ÈçÇÑ »ýÁ¸ÀÇ ºÒÆòµîÀ» ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» ¸· ¹þ¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àηù´Â ±Í½Å°ú
¿µ ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÒ¿îÀÌ »ý±ä´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â »ç½½¿¡¼ ÇØ¹æÀ» ¾ò°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀλýÀÇ ºÎħ(Ý©öØ)¿¡ ¿µÀû ¿øÀÎÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±×¸©µÈ ±³¸®¸¦ ³»¹ö¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆí, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÒÆòµîÀ» Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÎÀûÀÀ, »çȸÀÇ ºÒ°øÆò, »ê¾÷ÀÇ °æÀï¿¡ µ¹¸®¶ó°í
¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â, °ÅÀÇ ¶È°°ÀÌ °ÅÁþµÈ °¡¸£Ä§À» ³î¶ø°Ôµµ ±â²¨ÀÌ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ Åµµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »õ·Î¿î ÀÔ¹ý, ÀÚ¼± ÇàÀ§ÀÇ
¼ºÀå, »ê¾÷ ÀçÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â, ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ÁÁ¾Æµµ, Ãâ»ýÇÑ »ç½Ç°ú »ýȰ¿¡¼ »ý±â´Â ¿ì¿¬À» °íÃÄÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿À·ÎÁö »ç½ÇÀ» ÆÄ¾ÇÇϰí, ÀÚ¿¬ ¹ýÄ¢ ¾È¿¡¼ ÁöÇý·Ó°Ô Á¶Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ò°í ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ»
ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀû ÇൿÀ¸·Î À̲ô´Â °úÇÐ Áö½ÄÀÌ À̸¥¹Ù ¿ì¿¬È÷ »ý±â´Â À糿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇØµ¶Á¦ÀÌ´Ù.
| Modern civilized
races are just emerging from ghost fear as an explanation of luck
and the commonplace inequalities of existence. Mankind is achieving
emancipation from the bondage of the ghost-spirit explanation of
ill luck. But while men are giving up the erroneous doctrine of
a spirit cause of the vicissitudes of life, they exhibit a surprising
willingness to accept an almost equally fallacious teaching which
bids them attribute all human inequalities to political misadaptation,
social injustice, and industrial competition. But new legislation,
increasing philanthropy, and more industrial reorganization, however
good in and of themselves, will not remedy the facts of birth and
the accidents of living. Only comprehension of facts and wise manipulation
within the laws of nature will enable man to get what he wants and
to avoid what he does not want. Scientific knowledge, leading to
scientific action, is the only antidote for so-called accidental
ills. | |
86:7.5 (957.1)
»ê¾÷°ú ÀüÀï, ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ¿Í ±¹°¡ Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ ȯ°æ ¾È¿¡¼ »ç¶÷ÀÌ »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÈÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. Á¾±³µµ
ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô °¡»ó(Ê£ßÌ)ÇÏ´Â ±Í½Å ¼¼°è, ¸Á»óÇϴ ȯ°æ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹ÝÀÀÇÔÀ¸·Î »ý°Ü³µ´Ù. Á¾±³´Â ÀھƸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â ÁøÈµÈ ¹ßÀüÀ̾ú°í,
ÃÖÃÊ¿¡´Â ±×¸©µÈ °³³äÀ̰í öÀúÈ÷ ³í¸®°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥µµ, È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| Industry,
war, slavery, and civil government arose in response to the social
evolution of man in his natural environment; religion similarly
arose as his response to the illusory environment of the imaginary
ghost world. Religion was an evolutionary development of self-maintenance,
and it has worked, notwithstanding that it was originally erroneous
in concept and utterly illogical. | |
86:7.6 (957.2)
¿ø½Ã Á¾±³´Â ÇêµÈ µÎ·Á¿òÀÇ °·ÂÇÏ°í °ÅâÇÑ ÈûÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼, ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» °¡Áø ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿µÀû ¼¼·Â, °ð »ý°¢ Á¶ÀýÀÚÀÇ
¼ö¿©¸¦ À§Çؼ Àΰ£ Áö¼ºÀÇ Åä¾çÀ» Áغñ½ÃŲ´Ù. ½Å´Ù¿î Á¶ÀýÀÚ´Â ±× µÚ·Î ¾ðÁ¦³ª, Çϳª´ÔÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇϴ ŵµ¸¦ Çϳª´ÔÀ»
»ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¯È½ÃŰ·Á°í ¼ö°íÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ÁøÈ´Â ´À¸°°¡ ½ÍÁö¸¸, Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
| Primitive religion
prepared the soil of the human mind, by the powerful and awesome
force of false fear, for the bestowal of a bona fide spiritual force
of supernatural origin, the Thought Adjuster. And the divine Adjusters
have ever since labored to transmute God-fear into God-love. Evolution
may be slow, but it is unerringly effective. | |
86:7.7 (957.3)
[³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ ÇÑ Àú³áº°ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.]
| [Presented
by an Evening Star of Nebadon.] |